Key Points for NURS 612 Exam 4 Review Questions with Correct Answers 100% Verified By
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What are some risk factors for breast cancer? Family history, age of menarche (<11 or >14),
menopause >55, nulliparity or first child after 30, advanced age, high fat diet, alcohol use,
tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, hormone replacement therapy >4 years, long-term use of oral
contraceptives.
What are the steps to inspect the breasts during an examination? Have the patient seated
with arms loosely at sides, then assess size/symmetry/contour, color/texture, nipples and
areolas, and check for retraction/dimpling.
What are some differential diagnoses for breast abnormalities? Cyst, fibroadenoma,
malignant tumor, fat necrosis, mastitis, gynecomastia (males), premature thelarche (<8yo
female).
What are the normal findings when palpating the breasts? The breast should be smooth,
with an uninterrupted contour, symmetric venous patterns, and increased pigmentation to
areolae.
What are some abnormal findings when palpating the breasts? Retractions may indicate
carcinoma, edema (peau d'orange) due to blocked lymph drainage, or unilateral blood flow
indicating malignancy.
What techniques can be used to palpate the breasts? Vertical strips, concentric circles, and
wedge sections.
What are the normal findings when palpating lymph nodes? No lumps; lymph nodes should
not be palpable.
What are abnormal findings when palpating lymph nodes? Palpable mass, fixed mass, pain,
or nipple discharge.
, What questions should be asked for a chief complaint of a female GU problem? Questions
should focus on symptoms, history, and risk factors relevant to female genitourinary health.
What should be assessed during the screening of all women for abuse or violence? Hair
distribution, surface characteristics of mons pubis & labia majora, discharge, pain, itching,
abnormal/heavy bleeding, and menstrual history.
What are some key components of a gynecologic history? Age of menarche, menstrual
problems, surgeries, fibroids, ovarian cysts, STIs, endometriosis, infertility.
What is included in the obstetric history? Details about previous pregnancies, including
outcomes and complications.
What are the signs of potential differential diagnoses when examining external female
genitalia? Lesions such as genital warts, syphilis, genital herpes, and inflammation or
carcinoma of the vulva/vagina.
What is the proper technique for examining internal genitalia using a speculum? Warm the
speculum, touch the inner thigh first, and do not use gel lubricant.
What are the steps to perform a Pap smear? 1) Collect sample from ectocervix with a
spatula. 2) Insert spatula into cervical os, rotate 360 degrees. 3) Withdraw and spread on a glass
slide. 4) Spray with cytologic fixative and label. 5) Insert brush into vagina and cervical os,
rotate, remove, and roll over slide, spray and label.
How do you assess for bacterial vaginosis using a potassium hydroxide test? 1) Obtain
vaginal discharge and smear on a slide, add normal saline, view under microscope for clue cells.
2) On a separate slide, place discharge and apply 10% KOH; a fishy odor indicates BV.
What are the steps for performing a bimanual exam? Insert gloved index & middle fingers
into the vaginal opening, palpate vaginal wall, locate cervix, assess uterus size and shape with
abdominal hand, and palpate ovaries.
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What are some risk factors for breast cancer? Family history, age of menarche (<11 or >14),
menopause >55, nulliparity or first child after 30, advanced age, high fat diet, alcohol use,
tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, hormone replacement therapy >4 years, long-term use of oral
contraceptives.
What are the steps to inspect the breasts during an examination? Have the patient seated
with arms loosely at sides, then assess size/symmetry/contour, color/texture, nipples and
areolas, and check for retraction/dimpling.
What are some differential diagnoses for breast abnormalities? Cyst, fibroadenoma,
malignant tumor, fat necrosis, mastitis, gynecomastia (males), premature thelarche (<8yo
female).
What are the normal findings when palpating the breasts? The breast should be smooth,
with an uninterrupted contour, symmetric venous patterns, and increased pigmentation to
areolae.
What are some abnormal findings when palpating the breasts? Retractions may indicate
carcinoma, edema (peau d'orange) due to blocked lymph drainage, or unilateral blood flow
indicating malignancy.
What techniques can be used to palpate the breasts? Vertical strips, concentric circles, and
wedge sections.
What are the normal findings when palpating lymph nodes? No lumps; lymph nodes should
not be palpable.
What are abnormal findings when palpating lymph nodes? Palpable mass, fixed mass, pain,
or nipple discharge.
, What questions should be asked for a chief complaint of a female GU problem? Questions
should focus on symptoms, history, and risk factors relevant to female genitourinary health.
What should be assessed during the screening of all women for abuse or violence? Hair
distribution, surface characteristics of mons pubis & labia majora, discharge, pain, itching,
abnormal/heavy bleeding, and menstrual history.
What are some key components of a gynecologic history? Age of menarche, menstrual
problems, surgeries, fibroids, ovarian cysts, STIs, endometriosis, infertility.
What is included in the obstetric history? Details about previous pregnancies, including
outcomes and complications.
What are the signs of potential differential diagnoses when examining external female
genitalia? Lesions such as genital warts, syphilis, genital herpes, and inflammation or
carcinoma of the vulva/vagina.
What is the proper technique for examining internal genitalia using a speculum? Warm the
speculum, touch the inner thigh first, and do not use gel lubricant.
What are the steps to perform a Pap smear? 1) Collect sample from ectocervix with a
spatula. 2) Insert spatula into cervical os, rotate 360 degrees. 3) Withdraw and spread on a glass
slide. 4) Spray with cytologic fixative and label. 5) Insert brush into vagina and cervical os,
rotate, remove, and roll over slide, spray and label.
How do you assess for bacterial vaginosis using a potassium hydroxide test? 1) Obtain
vaginal discharge and smear on a slide, add normal saline, view under microscope for clue cells.
2) On a separate slide, place discharge and apply 10% KOH; a fishy odor indicates BV.
What are the steps for performing a bimanual exam? Insert gloved index & middle fingers
into the vaginal opening, palpate vaginal wall, locate cervix, assess uterus size and shape with
abdominal hand, and palpate ovaries.
