NR 503 (Epidemiology)-Week 3 UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORECT
Answers
Risk Factor - CORRECT ANSWER - A condition that may adversely affect an
individual's health
Absolute Risk - CORRECT ANSWER - The incidence of disease in a population
Relative risk - CORRECT ANSWER - The ratio of the risk of disease in exposed
individuals to the risk of disease in non-exposed individuals
Odds Ratio - CORRECT ANSWER - The ratio of the odds of development of disease in
non-exposed person
Attributable Risk - CORRECT ANSWER - How much of the risk (incidence) of the
disease we hope to prevent if able to eliminate exposure to the agent in question
Incidence Rate - CORRECT ANSWER - The number of new cases of a disease that occurs
during a specified period of time in a population at risk for developing the disease
Prevalence Rate - CORRECT ANSWER - The number of affected persons present in the
population at a specific time divided by the number of persons in the population at that same
time
The 5W's of descriptive epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER - What = health issue of
concern
Who = person
Where = place
When = time
, Why/how = causes, risk factors, modes of transmission
Necessary and Sufficient Causal relationship - CORRECT ANSWER - A factor in both
necessary (disease will occur only if the factor is present) AND sufficient (exposure always leads
to disease). Rarely encountered. Example: infectious diseases. 100 people may be exposed to an
infectious disease, but not everyone develops the disease because there are other variables
involved (immune status, low infectivity rate)
Necessary BUT not sufficient - CORRECT ANSWER - More than one factor is required,
usually in a temporary sequence.
The initiation and promotion stages associated with carcinogenesis models examples of this type
of casual relation.
Example: when considering tuberculosis, the tubercle bacillus is a necessary factor, but even its
presence may not be sufficient to produce the disease in every individual.
Sufficient BUT not necessary - CORRECT ANSWER - A specific factor can cause a
disease process, but other factors by themselves can cause the same disease.
Example: vitamin B12 deficiency may cause anemia, but other causes may result in anemia as
well
Neither sufficient NOR necessary - CORRECT ANSWER - A specific factor can be
combined with other factors to produce disease. However, the disease may be produced even in
the absence of the factor. Occurs in chronic disease
Example: multiple risk factors for the development of heart disease are neither sufficient nor
necessary.
Ten elements of Surveillance - CORRECT ANSWER - Mortality
Morbidity
lap reporting
demographic/environmental data
distribution of animal reservoirs/vectors
epidemic field investigation
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORECT
Answers
Risk Factor - CORRECT ANSWER - A condition that may adversely affect an
individual's health
Absolute Risk - CORRECT ANSWER - The incidence of disease in a population
Relative risk - CORRECT ANSWER - The ratio of the risk of disease in exposed
individuals to the risk of disease in non-exposed individuals
Odds Ratio - CORRECT ANSWER - The ratio of the odds of development of disease in
non-exposed person
Attributable Risk - CORRECT ANSWER - How much of the risk (incidence) of the
disease we hope to prevent if able to eliminate exposure to the agent in question
Incidence Rate - CORRECT ANSWER - The number of new cases of a disease that occurs
during a specified period of time in a population at risk for developing the disease
Prevalence Rate - CORRECT ANSWER - The number of affected persons present in the
population at a specific time divided by the number of persons in the population at that same
time
The 5W's of descriptive epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER - What = health issue of
concern
Who = person
Where = place
When = time
, Why/how = causes, risk factors, modes of transmission
Necessary and Sufficient Causal relationship - CORRECT ANSWER - A factor in both
necessary (disease will occur only if the factor is present) AND sufficient (exposure always leads
to disease). Rarely encountered. Example: infectious diseases. 100 people may be exposed to an
infectious disease, but not everyone develops the disease because there are other variables
involved (immune status, low infectivity rate)
Necessary BUT not sufficient - CORRECT ANSWER - More than one factor is required,
usually in a temporary sequence.
The initiation and promotion stages associated with carcinogenesis models examples of this type
of casual relation.
Example: when considering tuberculosis, the tubercle bacillus is a necessary factor, but even its
presence may not be sufficient to produce the disease in every individual.
Sufficient BUT not necessary - CORRECT ANSWER - A specific factor can cause a
disease process, but other factors by themselves can cause the same disease.
Example: vitamin B12 deficiency may cause anemia, but other causes may result in anemia as
well
Neither sufficient NOR necessary - CORRECT ANSWER - A specific factor can be
combined with other factors to produce disease. However, the disease may be produced even in
the absence of the factor. Occurs in chronic disease
Example: multiple risk factors for the development of heart disease are neither sufficient nor
necessary.
Ten elements of Surveillance - CORRECT ANSWER - Mortality
Morbidity
lap reporting
demographic/environmental data
distribution of animal reservoirs/vectors
epidemic field investigation
