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Pharmacology
Exam 1 - Study guide
Learning Objectives
Chapter 1: General Principles of Pharmacology
1. Define the term pharmacology.
Pharmacology
- is the study of drugs and their actions living organism
Medications :
- Natural (e.g., digitalis)-
- Synthetic (e.g., mipomersen—Kynamro)
2. Compare and contrast the different names assigned to drugs.
Naming Drugs :
Each drug has three names:
● Chemical name is a scientific term that describes the molecular structure of a
drug; it typically is the chemical component of the drug.
● Generic name considered the official name of a drug and is the name given
to a drug that can be made or marketed by a company; its nonproprietary,
meaning it is not own by any specific agency
● Trade name selected by a specific company producing the drug for
marketing purposes. When a drug name is followed by a trademark symbol
™ or a registered trademark symbol R this signifies that is is the trade or
brand name
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Drug classes & Category :
Drugs are organized into different classes and categories to help people better
understand how they work in the body. Examples of ways to classify drugs:
● Cost and coverage
● Legality
● Chemical type or structure
● Accessibility
3. Distinguish between prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and
controlled substances.
● Prescription drugs
- are prescribed by a licensed healthcare provider; known as legend
drugs
● Nonprescription drug
- drugs are safe (when taken as directed) and obtainable without a
prescription
● Controlled substances
- drugs with the potential for abuse and dependency
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4. Discuss drug development in the United States.
Drug Development in the United States :
The Food and Drug Administration has the responsibility for approving new drugs
and monitoring drugs currently in use in the United States for adverse or toxic
reactions.
Accelerated Drug Programs :
Accelerated approval/provisional approval
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Diseases that are a threat to public health:
● AIDS—considered for shorter IND approval process
● COVID-19 vaccine—emergency use authorization granted for Pfizer-
BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen
Allows primary care providers to administer medications with positive results in
early Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials
For example, with the COVID-19 vaccinations, the research and clinical trials were
carried out in tandem rather than sequentially
Waiting until final approval not required: drug continues to prove beneficial—
process of approval accelerated
5. Compare and contrast the various types of drug activity and reactions
produced in the body.
How the drugs within the body #1
Once in the body, drugs act in certain ways.
Oral drugs go through three phases:
● Pharmaceutic phase -
- The drug is dissolved ( solid form to liquid form)
● Pharmacokinetic phase
- Transportation activity after administration of drug. These activities
include absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.
○ Absorption
It involves moving the drug from the site of administration into the
body. Drug particles in the GI tract are moved into body fluids. This
movement can occur several ways
➢ Active transport - cellular energy used to move drug from area
of low concentration to high concentration.
➢ Passive transport - drug moves an area of high concentration to
low concentration
➢ Pinocytosis - cells engulf the drug particle.
CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM
Pharmacology
Exam 1 - Study guide
Learning Objectives
Chapter 1: General Principles of Pharmacology
1. Define the term pharmacology.
Pharmacology
- is the study of drugs and their actions living organism
Medications :
- Natural (e.g., digitalis)-
- Synthetic (e.g., mipomersen—Kynamro)
2. Compare and contrast the different names assigned to drugs.
Naming Drugs :
Each drug has three names:
● Chemical name is a scientific term that describes the molecular structure of a
drug; it typically is the chemical component of the drug.
● Generic name considered the official name of a drug and is the name given
to a drug that can be made or marketed by a company; its nonproprietary,
meaning it is not own by any specific agency
● Trade name selected by a specific company producing the drug for
marketing purposes. When a drug name is followed by a trademark symbol
™ or a registered trademark symbol R this signifies that is is the trade or
brand name
CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM
,CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM
Drug classes & Category :
Drugs are organized into different classes and categories to help people better
understand how they work in the body. Examples of ways to classify drugs:
● Cost and coverage
● Legality
● Chemical type or structure
● Accessibility
3. Distinguish between prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and
controlled substances.
● Prescription drugs
- are prescribed by a licensed healthcare provider; known as legend
drugs
● Nonprescription drug
- drugs are safe (when taken as directed) and obtainable without a
prescription
● Controlled substances
- drugs with the potential for abuse and dependency
CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM
,CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM
4. Discuss drug development in the United States.
Drug Development in the United States :
The Food and Drug Administration has the responsibility for approving new drugs
and monitoring drugs currently in use in the United States for adverse or toxic
reactions.
Accelerated Drug Programs :
Accelerated approval/provisional approval
CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM
, CLASSROOM CLASSROOM CLASSROOM
Diseases that are a threat to public health:
● AIDS—considered for shorter IND approval process
● COVID-19 vaccine—emergency use authorization granted for Pfizer-
BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen
Allows primary care providers to administer medications with positive results in
early Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials
For example, with the COVID-19 vaccinations, the research and clinical trials were
carried out in tandem rather than sequentially
Waiting until final approval not required: drug continues to prove beneficial—
process of approval accelerated
5. Compare and contrast the various types of drug activity and reactions
produced in the body.
How the drugs within the body #1
Once in the body, drugs act in certain ways.
Oral drugs go through three phases:
● Pharmaceutic phase -
- The drug is dissolved ( solid form to liquid form)
● Pharmacokinetic phase
- Transportation activity after administration of drug. These activities
include absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion.
○ Absorption
It involves moving the drug from the site of administration into the
body. Drug particles in the GI tract are moved into body fluids. This
movement can occur several ways
➢ Active transport - cellular energy used to move drug from area
of low concentration to high concentration.
➢ Passive transport - drug moves an area of high concentration to
low concentration
➢ Pinocytosis - cells engulf the drug particle.
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