NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Review 1 | South College
Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
Q&A | Instant Download PDF
1. A patient presents with shortness of breath and crackles in the lungs.
Which pathophysiological process is most likely occurring?
A. Bronchoconstriction
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Left-sided heart failure
D. Asthma exacerbation
Left-sided heart failure causes increased hydrostatic pressure in the
pulmonary capillaries, leading to pulmonary edema and crackles.
2. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing fever during an
inflammatory response?
, A. IL-2
B. IL-1
C. IL-4
D. IL-10
IL-1 acts as an endogenous pyrogen that resets the hypothalamic
thermostat, resulting in fever.
3. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type I
hypersensitivity?
A. Immune complex deposition
B. T-cell mediated response
C. IgE mediated mast cell degranulation
D. Complement activation
Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies binding to
mast cells, triggering degranulation and release of histamine.
4. Which electrolyte abnormality is expected in a patient with syndrome
of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hyponatremia
Excess ADH leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia.
5. Which is a common finding in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?
, A. Decreased residual volume
B. Increased FEV1/FVC ratio
C. Air trapping leading to increased residual volume
D. Normal lung compliance
COPD is characterized by air trapping due to obstruction, leading to
increased residual volume.
6. Which hormone opposes the effects of insulin?
A. Somatostatin
B. Aldosterone
C. Glucagon
D. ADH
Glucagon increases blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis, opposing insulin.
7. What is the main pathophysiological feature of Addison’s disease?
A. Excess cortisol
B. Deficient cortisol and aldosterone
C. Excess catecholamines
D. Excess aldosterone only
Addison’s disease involves adrenal insufficiency, resulting in low
cortisol and aldosterone.
8. Which condition is characterized by hypersecretion of growth
hormone in adulthood?
A. Gigantism
, B. Acromegaly
C. Dwarfism
D. Cushing’s disease
Excess growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly, causing soft
tissue and bone overgrowth.
9. Which type of necrosis is commonly associated with tuberculosis
infections?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Fat necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Caseous necrosis
Caseous necrosis has a cheese-like appearance and is typical in TB
granulomas.
10. A patient with chronic kidney disease has anemia. What is the
pathophysiological cause?
A. Iron deficiency
B. B12 deficiency
C. Decreased erythropoietin production
D. Increased RBC destruction
Damaged kidneys produce less erythropoietin, leading to decreased
RBC production.
Midterm Exam Review 1 | South College
Questions And Correct Answers
(Verified Answers) Plus Rationales 2025
Q&A | Instant Download PDF
1. A patient presents with shortness of breath and crackles in the lungs.
Which pathophysiological process is most likely occurring?
A. Bronchoconstriction
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Left-sided heart failure
D. Asthma exacerbation
Left-sided heart failure causes increased hydrostatic pressure in the
pulmonary capillaries, leading to pulmonary edema and crackles.
2. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing fever during an
inflammatory response?
, A. IL-2
B. IL-1
C. IL-4
D. IL-10
IL-1 acts as an endogenous pyrogen that resets the hypothalamic
thermostat, resulting in fever.
3. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type I
hypersensitivity?
A. Immune complex deposition
B. T-cell mediated response
C. IgE mediated mast cell degranulation
D. Complement activation
Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve IgE antibodies binding to
mast cells, triggering degranulation and release of histamine.
4. Which electrolyte abnormality is expected in a patient with syndrome
of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hyponatremia
Excess ADH leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia.
5. Which is a common finding in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)?
, A. Decreased residual volume
B. Increased FEV1/FVC ratio
C. Air trapping leading to increased residual volume
D. Normal lung compliance
COPD is characterized by air trapping due to obstruction, leading to
increased residual volume.
6. Which hormone opposes the effects of insulin?
A. Somatostatin
B. Aldosterone
C. Glucagon
D. ADH
Glucagon increases blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis, opposing insulin.
7. What is the main pathophysiological feature of Addison’s disease?
A. Excess cortisol
B. Deficient cortisol and aldosterone
C. Excess catecholamines
D. Excess aldosterone only
Addison’s disease involves adrenal insufficiency, resulting in low
cortisol and aldosterone.
8. Which condition is characterized by hypersecretion of growth
hormone in adulthood?
A. Gigantism
, B. Acromegaly
C. Dwarfism
D. Cushing’s disease
Excess growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly, causing soft
tissue and bone overgrowth.
9. Which type of necrosis is commonly associated with tuberculosis
infections?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Fat necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Caseous necrosis
Caseous necrosis has a cheese-like appearance and is typical in TB
granulomas.
10. A patient with chronic kidney disease has anemia. What is the
pathophysiological cause?
A. Iron deficiency
B. B12 deficiency
C. Decreased erythropoietin production
D. Increased RBC destruction
Damaged kidneys produce less erythropoietin, leading to decreased
RBC production.
