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Samenvatting gen- en celtechnologie: massive parallel sequencing technologieën

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Inhoud
1. Introductie ........................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Short-read sequencing ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Sequencing techniek: sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) (Ilumina) ................................................... 5
A) GDNA library preparatie (library prep) ....................................................................................... 5
B) Cluster generatie – flow cell........................................................................................................ 6
2.2 Library prep methodes en toepassingen..................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 DNA analyse.......................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.2 RNA analyse .......................................................................................................................... 18
3. Long-read sequencing ....................................................................................................................... 22
3.1 Sequencing technieken ............................................................................................................... 22
3.1.1 Single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) (PACBIO) ....................................................................... 23
3.1.2 Oxford Nanopore Technologie (ONT)................................................................................... 25
3.2 Toepassingen ............................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.1 DNA analyse.......................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.2 RNA analyse .......................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.3 Andere toepassing ................................................................................................................ 30
3.3 Challenges ................................................................................................................................... 30
4. Gecombineerde aanpak (short en long-read sequencing) ................................................................ 30




1

, EXAMEN: situatie wordt geschetst
→ welke is beste technologie om hier te gebruiken?
 Het is eerder belangrijk om te kunnen toepassen
dan alles letterlijk te kunnen reproduceren



Les 1: massive parallel sequencing
technologieën
1. Introductie
SANGER SEQUENERING

• Workflow
o DNA amplificatie
▪ Sequeneringsprimers
▪ Polymerase
▪ dNTPs
▪ gelabelde 2’,3’ dideoxynucleotiden (ddNTPs)
o Cyclische sequenering
o Uitlezing
▪ Gelelektroforese
▪ Capillaire elektroforese




• Beperkt niveau van parallelisatie: gelijktijdige elektroforese in 96 of 384 onafhankelijke
capillairen




2

, THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT (HGP)

• Gelanceerd in 1990 door het National Institute of Health (NIH) en het Department of Energy
(DOE), in samenwerking met internationale partners
• Doel: het sequeneren van alle 3 miljard basenparen in het menselijk genoom en het
identificeren van alle genen
• 2001: Eerste conceptversies van het menselijk genoom (90% voltooid)

THE 1000 GENOMES PROJECT

• Gestart in 2008 – voltooid in 2015
• Doel: het sequeneren van de genomen van een groot aantal mensen om een uitgebreide
bron te creëren over genetische variatie bij de mens
• Einddataset: 2.504 individuen uit 26 populaties

 Nood aan high-throughput sequencing-technologieën!

MASSIVELY PARALLEL SEQUENCING (MPS) – PRINCIPE

• Sanger-sequenering: sequeneren van één read
• MPS: sequeneren van miljoenen reads tegelijkertijd (parallel)




WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING COST




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