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Samenvatting microbiologie: antibiotica en resistentiemechanismen

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Inhoud
Doel van de antibioticalessen.................................................................................................................. 2
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Chemische structuur → indeling in antibiotica klasses....................................................................... 2
Aangrijpingspunt ................................................................................................................................. 3
Werkingspectrum ................................................................................................................................ 3
Effect: bactericied of bacteriostatisch................................................................................................. 4
Het ideale antibioticum ........................................................................................................................... 4
Ontdekking en ontwikkeling van antibiotica ........................................................................................... 4
Antibioticum resistentie .......................................................................................................................... 4
Het bepalen van de in vitro werkzaamheid van een antibioticum ......................................................... 6
Gevoeligheidsbepalingen in labo ........................................................................................................ 6
Gevoelig of resistent? Bruikbaar voor behandeling van de patiënt? .................................................. 7
Interactie tussen microorganism, de mens en het antibioticum: complexe wisselwerking ............... 8
PK/PD van antibiotica .......................................................................................................................... 8
Bèta-lactam antibiotica ........................................................................................................................... 9
Werking ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Indeling .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Βèta-lactamase-inhibitoren ............................................................................................................... 10
Gebruik in de klinische praktijk ......................................................................................................... 10
Resisentiemechanismen voor bèta-lactam AB ................................................................................. 11
1. Wijziging/mutatie PBP’s (aangrijpingspunt) .............................................................................. 11
2. Hydrolyse β-lactamring door β-lactamases (→ enzymes die AB afbreken).............................. 13
3. Effluxpompen die antibioticum terug naar buiten pompen vooraleer het kan werken ........... 14
4. Verminderde doorlaatbaarheid buitenste celmembraan (verlies van porines) ....................... 15
Niet bèta-lactam antibiotica.................................................................................................................. 15
1. Glycopeptiden ............................................................................................................................... 15
2. Macroliden .................................................................................................................................... 16
3. Lincosamiden ................................................................................................................................. 16
4. Aminoglycosides ............................................................................................................................ 17
5. Tetracyclines .................................................................................................................................. 17
6. Oxazolidinones .............................................................................................................................. 18
7. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol .................................................................................................... 18
8. Metronidazol ................................................................................................................................. 18
9. Nitrofurantoine............................................................................................................................. 18




1

,Les 5-6: antibiotica en
resistentiemechanismen
Doel van de antibioticalessen
WEL:
• Inzicht in de belangrijkste aangrijpingspunten van antibiotica
• Inzicht in ontwikkeling van resistentie en resistentiemechanismen
• Enkele belangrijke AB kennen
• Enkele belangrijke resistentiemechanismen kennen

NIET:
• Een exhaustieve opsomming kunnen geven
• Echte medische toepassingen kennen (in de zin van “een infectie met bacterie A moet je
behandelen met AB B”)

Inleiding
• Antimicrobieel spectrum van een AB = range van bacteriën die door AB wordt afgedood
o Gevoelige bacterie = AB is werkzaam
o Resistente bacterie = AB is niet werkzaam

• Verschillende manieren om AB in te delen
o Chemische structuur
o Aangrijpingspunt waarop ze inwerken
o Antimicrobieel spectrum: breed vs. nauw/gericht spectrum
o Effect: bactericied vs bacteriostatisch

Chemische structuur → indeling in antibiotica klasses




Niet te kennen




2

, Aangrijpingspunt

1) Celwandsynthese (-> bèta-lactam AB)
2) Proteïne synthese
3) Nucleïnezuursynthese
4) Metabole pahtways
5) Celmembraan functie

• AB werkt idealiter op target die enkel bij bacteriën voorkomt (bv. celwand)

• Bij inwerken op targets die ook aanwezig zijn bij mens:
o AB hebben hogere affiniteit voor target bij bacterie
o AB penetreren beter in bacterie dan in humane cel
➔ Gevolg: AB zijn werkzaam bij lage conc., die weinig of geen toxische symptomen bij mens
veroorzaken




Werkingspectrum

• De omkaderde (bèta-lactam) AB weten te situeren:
o Smal spectrum
▪ Penicilline
▪ Amoxicilline
o Midden spectrum
▪ Amoxicilline + clavulanaat
▪ 3e generatie cefalosporines
o Breed spectrum
▪ Meropenem
▪ Piperacillintazobactam




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