Saylor Academy - PHIL102 Final Study
Aristotelian System - CORRECT ANSWER-assumes existential import, that is, it
assumes that there is at least one existing member of the subject class in the
categorical proposition
modern system - CORRECT ANSWER-does not assume existential import
square of opposition - CORRECT ANSWER-A diagram of the basic relationships
between categorical statements with the same subject and predicate.
immediate inference - CORRECT ANSWER-a statement that can be inferred directly
from another statement
subalternation - CORRECT ANSWER-the relationship between a universal proposition
and its corresponding particular proposition
contraries - CORRECT ANSWER-pairs of propositions that cannot both be true at the
same time, but can both be false at the same time
undetermined - CORRECT ANSWER-there is no necessary inference
subcontraries - CORRECT ANSWER-Two statements are subcontraries if and only if
both can be true but both cannot be false.
antecedent - CORRECT ANSWER-The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a
pronoun.
consequent - CORRECT ANSWER-the outcome of the hypothetical condition
obscure - CORRECT ANSWER-difficult to see, vague
lexical ambiguity - CORRECT ANSWER-A situation in which a word has two or more
meanings. Example: pen-writing instrument pen- a place where pigs live
referentially ambiguous - CORRECT ANSWER-A sentence in which a single word does
not explicitly refer
Ex: Person A and Person B got into the car and they turned on the air conditioning". It's
not clear which person turned on the AC.
syntactically ambiguous - CORRECT ANSWER-sentence's grammatical structure is
unclear, words have multiple but determinate meanings
Ex: "Politicians are frightening people"
, Vagueness - CORRECT ANSWER-indefiniteness, uncertainty. Meanings are
indeterminate
Ex: "Dinner will be done in a while."
incompletely expressed idea - CORRECT ANSWER-Self-explanatory.
Ex: "Will this test be like the last one?"
Instead of, "How will this test be similar to the last one? Are we talking length, difficulty,
or content?"
distortions of meaning - CORRECT ANSWER-can result in an erroneously positive or
negative disposition
literal meaning - CORRECT ANSWER-A sentence's grammatical structure and the
conventional meanings assigned to the words used
Conversational implicature - CORRECT ANSWER-information that is understood
through inference but is not actually said in a conversation
implied meaning - CORRECT ANSWER-This is a suggested, but not stated meaning
reportive definition - CORRECT ANSWER-A dictionary-type definition that attempts to
capture how a word is normally used
stipulative definition - CORRECT ANSWER-assigns a new meaning to a term
precising definition - CORRECT ANSWER-seeks to make more precise what was
previously vague or fuzzy
persuasive definition - CORRECT ANSWER-A definition that aims at persuading the
listener one way or another toward the term being defined.
factual dispute - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs when people disagree on a matter that
involves facts
verbal dispute - CORRECT ANSWER-when a vague or ambiguous term results in a
linguistic misunderstanding
necessary condition - CORRECT ANSWER-a condition without which another event
cannot occur
sufficient condition - CORRECT ANSWER-a condition that will certainly bring about
another event
Aristotelian System - CORRECT ANSWER-assumes existential import, that is, it
assumes that there is at least one existing member of the subject class in the
categorical proposition
modern system - CORRECT ANSWER-does not assume existential import
square of opposition - CORRECT ANSWER-A diagram of the basic relationships
between categorical statements with the same subject and predicate.
immediate inference - CORRECT ANSWER-a statement that can be inferred directly
from another statement
subalternation - CORRECT ANSWER-the relationship between a universal proposition
and its corresponding particular proposition
contraries - CORRECT ANSWER-pairs of propositions that cannot both be true at the
same time, but can both be false at the same time
undetermined - CORRECT ANSWER-there is no necessary inference
subcontraries - CORRECT ANSWER-Two statements are subcontraries if and only if
both can be true but both cannot be false.
antecedent - CORRECT ANSWER-The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a
pronoun.
consequent - CORRECT ANSWER-the outcome of the hypothetical condition
obscure - CORRECT ANSWER-difficult to see, vague
lexical ambiguity - CORRECT ANSWER-A situation in which a word has two or more
meanings. Example: pen-writing instrument pen- a place where pigs live
referentially ambiguous - CORRECT ANSWER-A sentence in which a single word does
not explicitly refer
Ex: Person A and Person B got into the car and they turned on the air conditioning". It's
not clear which person turned on the AC.
syntactically ambiguous - CORRECT ANSWER-sentence's grammatical structure is
unclear, words have multiple but determinate meanings
Ex: "Politicians are frightening people"
, Vagueness - CORRECT ANSWER-indefiniteness, uncertainty. Meanings are
indeterminate
Ex: "Dinner will be done in a while."
incompletely expressed idea - CORRECT ANSWER-Self-explanatory.
Ex: "Will this test be like the last one?"
Instead of, "How will this test be similar to the last one? Are we talking length, difficulty,
or content?"
distortions of meaning - CORRECT ANSWER-can result in an erroneously positive or
negative disposition
literal meaning - CORRECT ANSWER-A sentence's grammatical structure and the
conventional meanings assigned to the words used
Conversational implicature - CORRECT ANSWER-information that is understood
through inference but is not actually said in a conversation
implied meaning - CORRECT ANSWER-This is a suggested, but not stated meaning
reportive definition - CORRECT ANSWER-A dictionary-type definition that attempts to
capture how a word is normally used
stipulative definition - CORRECT ANSWER-assigns a new meaning to a term
precising definition - CORRECT ANSWER-seeks to make more precise what was
previously vague or fuzzy
persuasive definition - CORRECT ANSWER-A definition that aims at persuading the
listener one way or another toward the term being defined.
factual dispute - CORRECT ANSWER-occurs when people disagree on a matter that
involves facts
verbal dispute - CORRECT ANSWER-when a vague or ambiguous term results in a
linguistic misunderstanding
necessary condition - CORRECT ANSWER-a condition without which another event
cannot occur
sufficient condition - CORRECT ANSWER-a condition that will certainly bring about
another event
