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Summary Quantum Field Theory - Lecture Notes (2025) - Complete Theoretical Framework and Derivations

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These Quantum Field Theory lecture notes are constructed during the QFT1 and QFT2 lectures (approximately 14 lectures in total). In the search for proper external resources in accordance with the lectures of professor X, I thought it was absurd that we all have to spend so much of our limited time into teaching ourselves the ins and outs. Therefore, I decided to construct this compact and more detailed form of the material given by the professor. Sometimes I deviate from the lectures by giving extra information where I think it is needed. The aim is to have all information in one place and open to anyone following the QFT lectures, or anyone interested enough to learn about the topic.

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Quantum Field Theory: Notes
Mike Keizer
September 2024




1

,Contents
1 Introduction 5

2 Conventions 7
2.1 Gamma Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 QFT-Formalism 9
3.1 Classical Field Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Klein-Gordon Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Second-Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Green’s Functions 14
4.1 2-point Correlator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 Green’s Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 The Feynman Prescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4 Feynman Propagator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5 Time Evolution Pictures 21
5.1 The Schrödinger Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Time Evolution Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3 The Heisenberg Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.4 The Interaction Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6 Correlators 26
6.1 Correlators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6.2 Wick’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.3 Zero-Point Energy of Interacting Vaccuum . . . . . . . . . . . 32

7 Feynman Diagrams 34
7.1 Non-Interacting Field Feynman Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.2 Vacuum Feynman Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.3 Interacting Fields Feynman Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.4 Connected Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.5 Interaction Vacuum Feynman Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.6 The Feynman Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41




2

,8 Decay 42
8.1 S-matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
8.2 LSZ Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.3 Fermi’s Golden Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

9 Path Integrals 51
9.1 Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9.2 Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
9.3 Perturbation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
9.4 Analogy QFT and Statistical Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
9.5 Path Integral in d-dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

10 QFT in Higher Dimensions 60
10.1 d-Dimensional Klein-Gordon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
10.2 d-Dimensional Second Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
10.3 d-Dimensional Propagators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

11 Observables 67
11.1 Fermi’s Golden Rule Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
11.2 Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
11.3 Two-Body Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

12 Particle Exchange 76
12.1 The Optical Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
12.2 Intermezzo: Revisiting Feynman Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . 79
12.3 Yukawa Theory (Real Fields) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.4 Yukawa Theory (Complex Fields) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
12.5 Mandelstam Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

13 Symmetries 87
13.1 Universality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
13.2 Noether’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
13.3 Ward Identities (IN MAINTENANCE!) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

14 The Lorentz Group 92
14.1 Group Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
14.2 Lorentz Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
14.3 The Lorentz Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
14.4 Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

3

, 14.5 Weyl Spinors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
14.6 Manipulating Spinor Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

15 Dirac Equation 103
15.1 Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
15.2 Lagrangians for Spinor Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
15.3 The Dirac Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
15.4 The Dirac Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
15.5 The Quantized Dirac Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
15.6 Back to the Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117




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Hey everyone! My name is Mike and I am a second year master student studying theoretical physics.Physics and mathematics has given me the passion to construct (lecture) notes for all the students in need.

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