BIO 1500 TEST #6 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Describe the oxygen environment of the womb. - ANSWER--Fetus experiences "high
altitude environment", low PO2
-No actual oxygen exists in the womb and the baby does not actually breathe.
Rather, the mother exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide through the umbilical cord
and placenta to the baby. b) fetal blood vessels extend into the pool of maternal
blood and gases are exchanged between mom's blood and picks up nutrients.
Explain how a fetus obtains oxygen. - ANSWER-2 hypotheses: express different Hb
subunits with higher O2 affinity and reduction of 2,3-BPG levels increase Hb-O2
affinityBoth in action
Draw and interpret Hb-O2 dissociation curves for fetal hemoglobin. - ANSWER-fetal
Hb has higher O2 affinity so the curve would be shifted to the left
Relate developmental changes in Hb to gene duplication and to changes in gene
expression - ANSWER--dif hb could be bc of dif tissue types which causes dif genes
turned on/off OR-gene duplication couldve made mutations for this HB, arising
throughout history, varying in o2 affinity and these are then expressed at dif. life
stages***
Interpret hypothesized evolutionary relationships in a phylogenetic tree based on
analysis of common ancestry - ANSWER-A family tree that shows the evolutionary
relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms-number of nodes doesnt
affect how closely related in common ancestor is same amount-same distance =
same evolving time, nodes not always accounted for
Identify an example of a clade - ANSWER-
Interpret traits in living species based on hypothesized gains or losses of a trait in a
phylogenetic tree - ANSWER-Review trees
Define convergent evolution - ANSWER-process in which unrelated species from
similar environments have adaptations that seem very similar
Explain how we know that the Hb adaptations of birds living at high altitudes in
different parts of the world is an example of convergent evolution. - ANSWER-dif
locations!! same adaptations but didnt breed together and mutations are same, but
dif. genetics
Define a species according to the Biological Species Concept. - ANSWER-group of
organisms with the potential to breed with each other and produce live, fertile
offspring-probs = asexual reproduction or sterile animals (mule) (both wouldnt be
considered species then)
ANSWERS
Describe the oxygen environment of the womb. - ANSWER--Fetus experiences "high
altitude environment", low PO2
-No actual oxygen exists in the womb and the baby does not actually breathe.
Rather, the mother exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide through the umbilical cord
and placenta to the baby. b) fetal blood vessels extend into the pool of maternal
blood and gases are exchanged between mom's blood and picks up nutrients.
Explain how a fetus obtains oxygen. - ANSWER-2 hypotheses: express different Hb
subunits with higher O2 affinity and reduction of 2,3-BPG levels increase Hb-O2
affinityBoth in action
Draw and interpret Hb-O2 dissociation curves for fetal hemoglobin. - ANSWER-fetal
Hb has higher O2 affinity so the curve would be shifted to the left
Relate developmental changes in Hb to gene duplication and to changes in gene
expression - ANSWER--dif hb could be bc of dif tissue types which causes dif genes
turned on/off OR-gene duplication couldve made mutations for this HB, arising
throughout history, varying in o2 affinity and these are then expressed at dif. life
stages***
Interpret hypothesized evolutionary relationships in a phylogenetic tree based on
analysis of common ancestry - ANSWER-A family tree that shows the evolutionary
relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms-number of nodes doesnt
affect how closely related in common ancestor is same amount-same distance =
same evolving time, nodes not always accounted for
Identify an example of a clade - ANSWER-
Interpret traits in living species based on hypothesized gains or losses of a trait in a
phylogenetic tree - ANSWER-Review trees
Define convergent evolution - ANSWER-process in which unrelated species from
similar environments have adaptations that seem very similar
Explain how we know that the Hb adaptations of birds living at high altitudes in
different parts of the world is an example of convergent evolution. - ANSWER-dif
locations!! same adaptations but didnt breed together and mutations are same, but
dif. genetics
Define a species according to the Biological Species Concept. - ANSWER-group of
organisms with the potential to breed with each other and produce live, fertile
offspring-probs = asexual reproduction or sterile animals (mule) (both wouldnt be
considered species then)
