Unity and Divisions Impact of War Federal Attitudes Economics Formation and Union Actions
Reconstruction Existed as only craft unions for Industrialisation (1860-1900) National Labour Union (NLU)
skilled workers in a closed shop meant more unskilled labour in the founded in 1866 by William Sylvis
system with unskilled workers being market who could not join unions who campaigned for better working
barred from unions so were conditions and 8 hour days. Sylvis
exploited by employers as they had encouraged AAs to join Tus but in
no obligation to meet unions their own separate groupsThe failed
demands Iron Founder’s Strike in 1866-7 made
unions be seen as weak. However it
Trade unions begin to be needed had 300,000 members by 1868 but
more and more due to long hours was short-lived as it collapsed when
and poor pay due to industrialisation Slyvis died in 1869.
and low skilled jobs in cotton, wool,
iron, steel factories being exploited. Knights of Labour (KoL) founded in
Illness were common such as brown 1869 by Uriah Smith Stephens.
lung from breathing in cotton and Powederly was an influential leader
immigrants were lured into work due who wanted to unite skilled and
to the false ‘American Dream’ unskilled but did not use activism to
promote labour rights leading to
NLU urges AAs for form their own internal divisions. Women were
trade unions resulting in the welcomed to join the union as they
National Negro League in 1869. campaigned for 8 hour days, equal
Employers exploited the divisions pay, and the abolition of child labour.
and poverty made it hard for 1881 membership grew to 20K
workers to protest for better rights. Wabash Railroad Strike 1886
National N*the Union was not increased KoL membership from 20k
allowed to affiliate (join) the AFL. to 700k despite Stephenson’s dislike
of striking
Gilded Age 1880s= ⅓ of workforce= unskilled. The federal gov ruled that employee Conditions at times were poor with The Haymarket Affair 1886 had a
Employers used ‘closed system’ to negligence was at risk in the heavy machinery leaving people negative impact on TUs. Due to
hire unskilled labour as the wages workplace so did nothing to challenge vulnerable to disease and millions violence, intense racial divisions
were less (Bricklayer $3 a day vs the lack of labour rights of people becoming vulnerable to between skilled and unskilled. The
unskilled $1 a day) disease. Employers did not want arrival of immigration made this
Economic system’s laissez faire to provide health insurance so sick division worse and limited TU rights
The Haymarket Affair 1886 had a attitude empowered employers over clubs were set up to compensate (lack of solidarity).
negative impact on TUs. Due to their workers. Corporations were able for illness. By 1890 35% of
violence, intense racial divisions to rise to power and could sack workforce was unskilled women The American Federation of Labour
between skilled and unskilled. The workers and cut wages without federal (AFL) was set up in 1886, replacing
arrival of immigration made this intervention which was confirmed in 1873 Wall Street Crash caused an the KoL, by Sam Gompers. They
division worse and limited TU rights the Sherman Antitrust Act 1890. economic slump which had a worked on practically advancing
(lack of solidarity). Employers resisted workers that were positive effect on TUs as the rise labour rights like increasing wages
in TUs by making them sign yellow of unemployment and poor wages and decreasing hours through legal
Immigration saw a huge wave of dog contracts was used to their advantage and reform, striking and boycotts by
foreign unskilled labour entering the increased membership standing up to large corporations.
workforce who were prepared to The Homestead Strike 1892 saw the Had 2 million by 1914 members but
work in deprived conditions for long Amalgamated Association of Iron and Employers monopolises racial was only a small part of the
hours (16). This slowed down the Steel Workers (AA) vs the Carnegie divisions by hiring scab labour workforce. By 1924, it was the only
challenge to improving working Steel Company which resulted in which hindered the power of remaining major national federation
conditions and meant TUs struggled limited TU rights. Negotiations failed protests of trade unions
to be recognised by employers. AAs between the two highlighting the
and Hispanics were discriminated power of the employer so the workers The Homestead Strike 1892 saw the
against and couldn’t join white used violence. The strike ended with Amalgamated Association of Iron and
unions which had an adverse impact the AA collapsing and several Steel Workers (AA) vs the Carnegie
in solidarity and power of TUs and members being arrested. Employers Steel Company which resulted in
caused a growing suspicion against registered unionised labour further and limited TO rights. Negotiations failed
immigrants. all steel companies in Pennsylvania between the two highlighting the
, became non-unionised power of the employer so the
Immigrant labourers went on their workers used violence. The strike
own strikes (violent). The Molly The Pullman Strike 1894 saw ended with the AA collapsing and
Maguires in 1873 striked and employers exploiting powers due to several members being arrested.
resulted in workers refusing to join the government's laissez faire attitude. Employers registered unionised
trade unions and made TUs Pullman decided to suddenly cut labour further and all steel
undesirable eagles so workers striked. President companies in Pennsylvania became
Cleveland sent federal troops to non-unionised.
Knights of Labor - had 60,000 AA dissipate the strike resulting in the
members - saw they needed AA for leader of the American Railway The Pullman Strike 1894 saw
proper solidarity. Unions to be arrested and his workers. employers exploiting powers due to
Pullman justified his actions with the the government's laissez faire
Concerns over some immigrants, 1890 court injunctions attitude. Pullman decided to suddenly
particularly from Italy as they were cut eagles so workers striked.
seen as violent, radical and President Cleveland sent federal
anarchists. This was confirmed by a troops to dissipate the strike resulting
large number of strikes from in the leader of the American Railway
immigrant workers. 1881-1905: 7 Unions to be arrested and his
million workers participated in workers. Pullman justified his actions
37,000 strikes. Irish immigrants in with the 1890 court injunctions
the Molly Maguires (group of Irish
immigrant workers) were linked to
violent protests like the Haymarket
Affair (1886) and Homestead Strike
(1892). This turned the employers,
public and even workers themselves
against TU.
1900-10 European immigrants refused to Lockner vs New York 1905 what saw Industrial Workers of the World set
work with AAs, slowing down the Supreme Court enforce injunctions up in 1905 in Chicago and sought
progress of TU rights. This resulted against trade union workers which violence for their aims which made
in the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car prevented them from striking for better employers suspicious of them. They
Porters being set up in 1925 working conditions. The Supreme promoted fairer working conditions
Court ruled that a law was and stood up for the poor and
Progress was mainly due to white unconstitutional to put a 10 hour illiterate. Many were arrested so
individuals and did not represent the maximum working day in because it membership peaked at 100k who
ethnic diversity of the American violated the rights of the workers to were mainly miners, lumbermen and
workforce determine their own hours of work, fruit pickers. Internal divisions
therefore going against the 14th mitigated the union by 1924.
Employers monopolises racial Amendment. The following period is
divisions by hiring scab labour which known as the ‘Lochner’ period where The Teamsters Union was
hindered the power of protests the Supreme Court kept invalidating established in 1903 and became one
any attempts to regulate the number of of the largest unions in the USA and
1900-1930: nearly 19 million people hours one person could work (so not remains so today and worked at a
immigrated to the USA from Italy, protecting the rights of the worker). local level
Russia, Austria-Hungary, Greece,
Japan and China (new immigration). 1910= 5 million trade union members
Immigrants from Europe were The AFL sought to influence public but many firms remained non
divided by language, religion and policy by pressuring the federal gov unionised. The AFL sought to
treated with hostility and suspicion which resulted in Wilson passing the influence public policy by pressuring
from white Americans. Clayton AntiTrust Act in 1914 which the federal gov which resulted in
limited the use of court injunctions Wilson passing the Clayton AntiTrust
Trade union membership: Act in 1914 which limited the use of
1900 – 500,000 Employers monopolises racial court injunctions. Progress was
1910 – 2 million divisions by hiring scab labour which mainly due to white individuals and
1920 – 5 million members hindered the power of protests did not represent the ethnic diversity
of the American workforce
WW1 Minorities were better respected on Increase in workers involved in strikes Trade Unions were now federally Factory production increased by
Reconstruction Existed as only craft unions for Industrialisation (1860-1900) National Labour Union (NLU)
skilled workers in a closed shop meant more unskilled labour in the founded in 1866 by William Sylvis
system with unskilled workers being market who could not join unions who campaigned for better working
barred from unions so were conditions and 8 hour days. Sylvis
exploited by employers as they had encouraged AAs to join Tus but in
no obligation to meet unions their own separate groupsThe failed
demands Iron Founder’s Strike in 1866-7 made
unions be seen as weak. However it
Trade unions begin to be needed had 300,000 members by 1868 but
more and more due to long hours was short-lived as it collapsed when
and poor pay due to industrialisation Slyvis died in 1869.
and low skilled jobs in cotton, wool,
iron, steel factories being exploited. Knights of Labour (KoL) founded in
Illness were common such as brown 1869 by Uriah Smith Stephens.
lung from breathing in cotton and Powederly was an influential leader
immigrants were lured into work due who wanted to unite skilled and
to the false ‘American Dream’ unskilled but did not use activism to
promote labour rights leading to
NLU urges AAs for form their own internal divisions. Women were
trade unions resulting in the welcomed to join the union as they
National Negro League in 1869. campaigned for 8 hour days, equal
Employers exploited the divisions pay, and the abolition of child labour.
and poverty made it hard for 1881 membership grew to 20K
workers to protest for better rights. Wabash Railroad Strike 1886
National N*the Union was not increased KoL membership from 20k
allowed to affiliate (join) the AFL. to 700k despite Stephenson’s dislike
of striking
Gilded Age 1880s= ⅓ of workforce= unskilled. The federal gov ruled that employee Conditions at times were poor with The Haymarket Affair 1886 had a
Employers used ‘closed system’ to negligence was at risk in the heavy machinery leaving people negative impact on TUs. Due to
hire unskilled labour as the wages workplace so did nothing to challenge vulnerable to disease and millions violence, intense racial divisions
were less (Bricklayer $3 a day vs the lack of labour rights of people becoming vulnerable to between skilled and unskilled. The
unskilled $1 a day) disease. Employers did not want arrival of immigration made this
Economic system’s laissez faire to provide health insurance so sick division worse and limited TU rights
The Haymarket Affair 1886 had a attitude empowered employers over clubs were set up to compensate (lack of solidarity).
negative impact on TUs. Due to their workers. Corporations were able for illness. By 1890 35% of
violence, intense racial divisions to rise to power and could sack workforce was unskilled women The American Federation of Labour
between skilled and unskilled. The workers and cut wages without federal (AFL) was set up in 1886, replacing
arrival of immigration made this intervention which was confirmed in 1873 Wall Street Crash caused an the KoL, by Sam Gompers. They
division worse and limited TU rights the Sherman Antitrust Act 1890. economic slump which had a worked on practically advancing
(lack of solidarity). Employers resisted workers that were positive effect on TUs as the rise labour rights like increasing wages
in TUs by making them sign yellow of unemployment and poor wages and decreasing hours through legal
Immigration saw a huge wave of dog contracts was used to their advantage and reform, striking and boycotts by
foreign unskilled labour entering the increased membership standing up to large corporations.
workforce who were prepared to The Homestead Strike 1892 saw the Had 2 million by 1914 members but
work in deprived conditions for long Amalgamated Association of Iron and Employers monopolises racial was only a small part of the
hours (16). This slowed down the Steel Workers (AA) vs the Carnegie divisions by hiring scab labour workforce. By 1924, it was the only
challenge to improving working Steel Company which resulted in which hindered the power of remaining major national federation
conditions and meant TUs struggled limited TU rights. Negotiations failed protests of trade unions
to be recognised by employers. AAs between the two highlighting the
and Hispanics were discriminated power of the employer so the workers The Homestead Strike 1892 saw the
against and couldn’t join white used violence. The strike ended with Amalgamated Association of Iron and
unions which had an adverse impact the AA collapsing and several Steel Workers (AA) vs the Carnegie
in solidarity and power of TUs and members being arrested. Employers Steel Company which resulted in
caused a growing suspicion against registered unionised labour further and limited TO rights. Negotiations failed
immigrants. all steel companies in Pennsylvania between the two highlighting the
, became non-unionised power of the employer so the
Immigrant labourers went on their workers used violence. The strike
own strikes (violent). The Molly The Pullman Strike 1894 saw ended with the AA collapsing and
Maguires in 1873 striked and employers exploiting powers due to several members being arrested.
resulted in workers refusing to join the government's laissez faire attitude. Employers registered unionised
trade unions and made TUs Pullman decided to suddenly cut labour further and all steel
undesirable eagles so workers striked. President companies in Pennsylvania became
Cleveland sent federal troops to non-unionised.
Knights of Labor - had 60,000 AA dissipate the strike resulting in the
members - saw they needed AA for leader of the American Railway The Pullman Strike 1894 saw
proper solidarity. Unions to be arrested and his workers. employers exploiting powers due to
Pullman justified his actions with the the government's laissez faire
Concerns over some immigrants, 1890 court injunctions attitude. Pullman decided to suddenly
particularly from Italy as they were cut eagles so workers striked.
seen as violent, radical and President Cleveland sent federal
anarchists. This was confirmed by a troops to dissipate the strike resulting
large number of strikes from in the leader of the American Railway
immigrant workers. 1881-1905: 7 Unions to be arrested and his
million workers participated in workers. Pullman justified his actions
37,000 strikes. Irish immigrants in with the 1890 court injunctions
the Molly Maguires (group of Irish
immigrant workers) were linked to
violent protests like the Haymarket
Affair (1886) and Homestead Strike
(1892). This turned the employers,
public and even workers themselves
against TU.
1900-10 European immigrants refused to Lockner vs New York 1905 what saw Industrial Workers of the World set
work with AAs, slowing down the Supreme Court enforce injunctions up in 1905 in Chicago and sought
progress of TU rights. This resulted against trade union workers which violence for their aims which made
in the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car prevented them from striking for better employers suspicious of them. They
Porters being set up in 1925 working conditions. The Supreme promoted fairer working conditions
Court ruled that a law was and stood up for the poor and
Progress was mainly due to white unconstitutional to put a 10 hour illiterate. Many were arrested so
individuals and did not represent the maximum working day in because it membership peaked at 100k who
ethnic diversity of the American violated the rights of the workers to were mainly miners, lumbermen and
workforce determine their own hours of work, fruit pickers. Internal divisions
therefore going against the 14th mitigated the union by 1924.
Employers monopolises racial Amendment. The following period is
divisions by hiring scab labour which known as the ‘Lochner’ period where The Teamsters Union was
hindered the power of protests the Supreme Court kept invalidating established in 1903 and became one
any attempts to regulate the number of of the largest unions in the USA and
1900-1930: nearly 19 million people hours one person could work (so not remains so today and worked at a
immigrated to the USA from Italy, protecting the rights of the worker). local level
Russia, Austria-Hungary, Greece,
Japan and China (new immigration). 1910= 5 million trade union members
Immigrants from Europe were The AFL sought to influence public but many firms remained non
divided by language, religion and policy by pressuring the federal gov unionised. The AFL sought to
treated with hostility and suspicion which resulted in Wilson passing the influence public policy by pressuring
from white Americans. Clayton AntiTrust Act in 1914 which the federal gov which resulted in
limited the use of court injunctions Wilson passing the Clayton AntiTrust
Trade union membership: Act in 1914 which limited the use of
1900 – 500,000 Employers monopolises racial court injunctions. Progress was
1910 – 2 million divisions by hiring scab labour which mainly due to white individuals and
1920 – 5 million members hindered the power of protests did not represent the ethnic diversity
of the American workforce
WW1 Minorities were better respected on Increase in workers involved in strikes Trade Unions were now federally Factory production increased by
