1
Chamberlain College NR602 2025 LATEST Final
Exam With Expert Interventions | With Accurate
Rationales |Guaranteed Pass
Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
Eye DisordersAmblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a condition in which
one or both eyes do
not develop normal vision due to various factors that cause
the visual part of the brain to function abnormally. This
weakens the eye and can lead to longterm vision problems.
If recognized early, amblyopia generally responds well to
treatment. Amblyopia therapy can include glasses,
patching, eye drops, and sometimes surgery. Click here to
learn more about amblyopia.
Astigmatism-Farsightedness-Nearsightedness
These three conditions, or refractive errors, are the most
common eye problems in children and adults and are most
,Chamberlain College NR602 2021 Final Study Guide 2
often caused by abnormalities in the surface of the eye that
prevent light from properly being focused on the retina.
Click here to learn more about these refractive errors.
Childhood Tearing/Epiphora
Epiphora is the term for excessive tearing. Childhood
epiphora is often noted soon after birth, but can be
acquired later. When noted during infancy, it is usually due
to blockage of the tear drainage system. This type of
tearing often improves spontaneously by 6 to 12 months of
age. Medical treatment includes tear sac massage and eye
drops, but if tearing persists, surgical probing of the
drainage system may be required. Other rare causes of
childhood tearing include pediatric glaucoma and ocular
surface diseases.
Cortical Visual Impairment
Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is vision loss due to any
abnormality of the visual center in the brain. The eyes are
normal, but the visual interpretation center in the brain
does not function properly and prevents normal vision.
Developmental Abnormalities
During development of the fetus, abnormalities in the
visual system can occur. Some developmental
abnormalities include coloboma, microphthalmia (small
eye), and optic nerve hypoplasia. These abnormalities
often result in vision loss.
Double Vision
Double vision (diplopia) is typically caused by
misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), which causes one to
see an object in two different places at the same time. The
object can be displaced in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal
fashion. Double vision can result from many conditions
and should be evaluated at the time of onset. Treatment for
double vision can include prism glasses, strabismus
surgery, or Botox injections.
Genetic Eye Disease
Many eye diseases have a known genetic abnormality.
These diseases are often inherited and frequently there are
other family members who have had the disease. In cases
, 3
of known inherited eye disease in the family, early
evaluation is important. The Dean McGee Eye Institute has
an ophthalmic genetic counselor who routinely sees
patients in the clinic.
Nystagmus
Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the
eyes. The eye movements can be side-to-side, up and
down, or rotary. Nystagmus may be present at birth or
acquired later in life. It may result from abnormal
binocular fixation early in life, and may also accompany a
number of eye disorders and neurological diseases.
Pediatric Cataract
A cataract is a cloudiness or opacification of the normally
clear lens of the eye. Depending on the size and location,
the cataract can interfere with light passing to the retina
and cause blurred vision. Cataracts are typically associated
with older adults, but cataracts can occur at birth or during
childhood. Early detection and treatment of cataracts are
critical in infants and young children in order to restore
normal visual development. A white area in the pupil and
misalignment of the eye can be a sign of cataract.
Pediatric cataracts that significantly obstruct vision require
surgery. Patients subsequently require treatment with
eyeglasses, bifocals, or contact lenses, and eye-patching.
Often, pediatric cataracts result in some degree of lazy eye
(amblyopia) and strabismus as well.
Pediatric Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a condition that is associated with high
pressure within the eye. This pressure can damage the optic
nerve, which is critical for vision, resulting in permanent
vision loss. Pediatric glaucoma is a rare condition that can
present in the newborn or during childhood. Signs and
, Chamberlain College NR602 2021 Final Study Guide 4
symptoms of pediatric glaucoma include cloudy corneas,
tearing, frequent blinking, light sensitivity, and redness of
the eye.
Pediatric Ptosis (Drooping Eyelid)
Ptosis, or drooping of the upper eyelid, occurs in both
children and adults.
Children can be born with ptosis (congenital) or acquire it
during childhood.
Neurological diseases can also trigger it.
Ptosis is caused by weakness in the muscle that elevates the
eyelid. A droopy eyelid can block light passing to the retina
in the back of the eye and/or create significant astigmatism
that produces a blurry image in the affected eye. These
situations cause lazy eye (amblyopia) and, if untreated, can
result in permanent loss of vision. In addition, children
may develop a chin-up head position due to the droopy
eyelid. If the ptosis is significant, surgical correction may
be necessary. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an eye disease that
occurs in some premature infants. It results from abnormal
development of the blood vessels in the retina. ROP is
progressive, starting with mild changes and sometimes
progressing to severe, sight-threatening changes. Most
infants with ROP improve spontaneously, but some
develop severe changes that require laser treatment or
injections of medicine into the eye.
Complications of ROP can include strabismus (eye
misalignment), myopia (nearsightedness), cataract, and, in
severe cases, blindness from retinal detachment.
Premature infants at risk of ROP are identified in the
hospital and enrolled in a routine screening protocol.
Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)
Strabismus is the term for misalignment of the eyes in
which an eye may be turned inward, outward, upward, or
downward. Strabismus in children can result in lazy eye
(amblyopia) and cause permanent loss of vision if
treatment is delayed. Adults and older children often
experience double vision (diplopia). Depending on the
Chamberlain College NR602 2025 LATEST Final
Exam With Expert Interventions | With Accurate
Rationales |Guaranteed Pass
Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
Eye DisordersAmblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a condition in which
one or both eyes do
not develop normal vision due to various factors that cause
the visual part of the brain to function abnormally. This
weakens the eye and can lead to longterm vision problems.
If recognized early, amblyopia generally responds well to
treatment. Amblyopia therapy can include glasses,
patching, eye drops, and sometimes surgery. Click here to
learn more about amblyopia.
Astigmatism-Farsightedness-Nearsightedness
These three conditions, or refractive errors, are the most
common eye problems in children and adults and are most
,Chamberlain College NR602 2021 Final Study Guide 2
often caused by abnormalities in the surface of the eye that
prevent light from properly being focused on the retina.
Click here to learn more about these refractive errors.
Childhood Tearing/Epiphora
Epiphora is the term for excessive tearing. Childhood
epiphora is often noted soon after birth, but can be
acquired later. When noted during infancy, it is usually due
to blockage of the tear drainage system. This type of
tearing often improves spontaneously by 6 to 12 months of
age. Medical treatment includes tear sac massage and eye
drops, but if tearing persists, surgical probing of the
drainage system may be required. Other rare causes of
childhood tearing include pediatric glaucoma and ocular
surface diseases.
Cortical Visual Impairment
Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is vision loss due to any
abnormality of the visual center in the brain. The eyes are
normal, but the visual interpretation center in the brain
does not function properly and prevents normal vision.
Developmental Abnormalities
During development of the fetus, abnormalities in the
visual system can occur. Some developmental
abnormalities include coloboma, microphthalmia (small
eye), and optic nerve hypoplasia. These abnormalities
often result in vision loss.
Double Vision
Double vision (diplopia) is typically caused by
misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), which causes one to
see an object in two different places at the same time. The
object can be displaced in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal
fashion. Double vision can result from many conditions
and should be evaluated at the time of onset. Treatment for
double vision can include prism glasses, strabismus
surgery, or Botox injections.
Genetic Eye Disease
Many eye diseases have a known genetic abnormality.
These diseases are often inherited and frequently there are
other family members who have had the disease. In cases
, 3
of known inherited eye disease in the family, early
evaluation is important. The Dean McGee Eye Institute has
an ophthalmic genetic counselor who routinely sees
patients in the clinic.
Nystagmus
Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the
eyes. The eye movements can be side-to-side, up and
down, or rotary. Nystagmus may be present at birth or
acquired later in life. It may result from abnormal
binocular fixation early in life, and may also accompany a
number of eye disorders and neurological diseases.
Pediatric Cataract
A cataract is a cloudiness or opacification of the normally
clear lens of the eye. Depending on the size and location,
the cataract can interfere with light passing to the retina
and cause blurred vision. Cataracts are typically associated
with older adults, but cataracts can occur at birth or during
childhood. Early detection and treatment of cataracts are
critical in infants and young children in order to restore
normal visual development. A white area in the pupil and
misalignment of the eye can be a sign of cataract.
Pediatric cataracts that significantly obstruct vision require
surgery. Patients subsequently require treatment with
eyeglasses, bifocals, or contact lenses, and eye-patching.
Often, pediatric cataracts result in some degree of lazy eye
(amblyopia) and strabismus as well.
Pediatric Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a condition that is associated with high
pressure within the eye. This pressure can damage the optic
nerve, which is critical for vision, resulting in permanent
vision loss. Pediatric glaucoma is a rare condition that can
present in the newborn or during childhood. Signs and
, Chamberlain College NR602 2021 Final Study Guide 4
symptoms of pediatric glaucoma include cloudy corneas,
tearing, frequent blinking, light sensitivity, and redness of
the eye.
Pediatric Ptosis (Drooping Eyelid)
Ptosis, or drooping of the upper eyelid, occurs in both
children and adults.
Children can be born with ptosis (congenital) or acquire it
during childhood.
Neurological diseases can also trigger it.
Ptosis is caused by weakness in the muscle that elevates the
eyelid. A droopy eyelid can block light passing to the retina
in the back of the eye and/or create significant astigmatism
that produces a blurry image in the affected eye. These
situations cause lazy eye (amblyopia) and, if untreated, can
result in permanent loss of vision. In addition, children
may develop a chin-up head position due to the droopy
eyelid. If the ptosis is significant, surgical correction may
be necessary. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an eye disease that
occurs in some premature infants. It results from abnormal
development of the blood vessels in the retina. ROP is
progressive, starting with mild changes and sometimes
progressing to severe, sight-threatening changes. Most
infants with ROP improve spontaneously, but some
develop severe changes that require laser treatment or
injections of medicine into the eye.
Complications of ROP can include strabismus (eye
misalignment), myopia (nearsightedness), cataract, and, in
severe cases, blindness from retinal detachment.
Premature infants at risk of ROP are identified in the
hospital and enrolled in a routine screening protocol.
Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)
Strabismus is the term for misalignment of the eyes in
which an eye may be turned inward, outward, upward, or
downward. Strabismus in children can result in lazy eye
(amblyopia) and cause permanent loss of vision if
treatment is delayed. Adults and older children often
experience double vision (diplopia). Depending on the
