HRPYC81
Project 2 Assignment 3 2025
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Unique number: 853851
Due Date: 2025
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
TIME PERSPECTIVE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY AND RISKY
BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADULTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
1. INTRODUCTION
Time perspective refers to the cognitive process through which individuals perceive,
organise, and evaluate their experiences across past, present, and future dimensions
(Zimbardo & Boyd, 2014). This concept has been widely recognised as a foundational
aspect of human cognition, influencing various behaviours and psychological outcomes,
such as decision-making, mental health, and well-being (Stolarski et al., 2018). Time
perspective allows people to mentally transcend the present and make sense of their
experiences by placing them within temporal frameworks, thereby enabling them to plan,
reflect, and regulate their actions. This capacity is unique to humans and has important
implications for psychological functioning (Lewin, 1951; Zimbardo & Boyd, 2014).
Terms of use
By making use of this document you agree to:
Use this document as a guide for learning, comparison and reference purpose,
Terms of use
Not to duplicate, reproduce and/or misrepresent the contents of this document as your own work,
By making use of this document you agree to:
Use this document
Fully accept the consequences
solely as a guide forshould you plagiarise
learning, reference,or and
misuse this document.
comparison purposes,
Ensure originality of your own work, and fully accept the consequences should you plagiarise or misuse this document.
Comply with all relevant standards, guidelines, regulations, and legislation governing academic and written work.
Disclaimer
Great care has been taken in the preparation of this document; however, the contents are provided "as is" without any express or
implied representations or warranties. The author accepts no responsibility or liability for any actions taken based on the
information contained within this document. This document is intended solely for comparison, research, and reference purposes.
Reproduction, resale, or transmission of any part of this document, in any form or by any means, is strictly prohibited.
, +27 67 171 1739
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
TIME PERSPECTIVE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY AND RISKY
BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADULTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
1. INTRODUCTION
Time perspective refers to the cognitive process through which individuals perceive,
organise, and evaluate their experiences across past, present, and future
dimensions (Zimbardo & Boyd, 2014). This concept has been widely recognised as a
foundational aspect of human cognition, influencing various behaviours and
psychological outcomes, such as decision-making, mental health, and well-being
(Stolarski et al., 2018). Time perspective allows people to mentally transcend the
present and make sense of their experiences by placing them within temporal
frameworks, thereby enabling them to plan, reflect, and regulate their actions. This
capacity is unique to humans and has important implications for psychological
functioning (Lewin, 1951; Zimbardo & Boyd, 2014).
In the South African context, understanding time perspective is particularly important
due to the country's historical, social, and economic challenges that shape
individuals’ past experiences and future outlooks. Social inequality, unemployment,
trauma, and high levels of risky behaviour remain pressing concerns that affect
mental health and individual life choices (Keyser, 2017). Thus, time perspective may
serve as a useful psychological lens to explain these patterns and predict health-
related outcomes.
This research project seeks to examine how the five dimensions of time
perspective—past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic, and
future—relate to anxiety and risky behaviour among South African adults. By using
the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and established psychological
measurements, the study aims to understand whether individuals with specific time
orientations are more likely to experience higher levels of anxiety or engage in self-
destructive and impulsive behaviour. This research contributes to the broader field of
cognitive psychology by exploring how individual differences in temporal orientation
relate to two critical mental health and behavioural outcomes.
Disclaimer
Great care has been taken in the preparation of this document; however, the contents are provided "as is"
without any express or implied representations or warranties. The author accepts no responsibility or
liability for any actions taken based on the information contained within this document. This document is
intended solely for comparison, research, and reference purposes. Reproduction, resale, or transmission
of any part of this document, in any form or by any means, is strictly prohibited.
Project 2 Assignment 3 2025
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Unique number: 853851
Due Date: 2025
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
TIME PERSPECTIVE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY AND RISKY
BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADULTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
1. INTRODUCTION
Time perspective refers to the cognitive process through which individuals perceive,
organise, and evaluate their experiences across past, present, and future dimensions
(Zimbardo & Boyd, 2014). This concept has been widely recognised as a foundational
aspect of human cognition, influencing various behaviours and psychological outcomes,
such as decision-making, mental health, and well-being (Stolarski et al., 2018). Time
perspective allows people to mentally transcend the present and make sense of their
experiences by placing them within temporal frameworks, thereby enabling them to plan,
reflect, and regulate their actions. This capacity is unique to humans and has important
implications for psychological functioning (Lewin, 1951; Zimbardo & Boyd, 2014).
Terms of use
By making use of this document you agree to:
Use this document as a guide for learning, comparison and reference purpose,
Terms of use
Not to duplicate, reproduce and/or misrepresent the contents of this document as your own work,
By making use of this document you agree to:
Use this document
Fully accept the consequences
solely as a guide forshould you plagiarise
learning, reference,or and
misuse this document.
comparison purposes,
Ensure originality of your own work, and fully accept the consequences should you plagiarise or misuse this document.
Comply with all relevant standards, guidelines, regulations, and legislation governing academic and written work.
Disclaimer
Great care has been taken in the preparation of this document; however, the contents are provided "as is" without any express or
implied representations or warranties. The author accepts no responsibility or liability for any actions taken based on the
information contained within this document. This document is intended solely for comparison, research, and reference purposes.
Reproduction, resale, or transmission of any part of this document, in any form or by any means, is strictly prohibited.
, +27 67 171 1739
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
TIME PERSPECTIVE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY AND RISKY
BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADULTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
1. INTRODUCTION
Time perspective refers to the cognitive process through which individuals perceive,
organise, and evaluate their experiences across past, present, and future
dimensions (Zimbardo & Boyd, 2014). This concept has been widely recognised as a
foundational aspect of human cognition, influencing various behaviours and
psychological outcomes, such as decision-making, mental health, and well-being
(Stolarski et al., 2018). Time perspective allows people to mentally transcend the
present and make sense of their experiences by placing them within temporal
frameworks, thereby enabling them to plan, reflect, and regulate their actions. This
capacity is unique to humans and has important implications for psychological
functioning (Lewin, 1951; Zimbardo & Boyd, 2014).
In the South African context, understanding time perspective is particularly important
due to the country's historical, social, and economic challenges that shape
individuals’ past experiences and future outlooks. Social inequality, unemployment,
trauma, and high levels of risky behaviour remain pressing concerns that affect
mental health and individual life choices (Keyser, 2017). Thus, time perspective may
serve as a useful psychological lens to explain these patterns and predict health-
related outcomes.
This research project seeks to examine how the five dimensions of time
perspective—past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic, and
future—relate to anxiety and risky behaviour among South African adults. By using
the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and established psychological
measurements, the study aims to understand whether individuals with specific time
orientations are more likely to experience higher levels of anxiety or engage in self-
destructive and impulsive behaviour. This research contributes to the broader field of
cognitive psychology by exploring how individual differences in temporal orientation
relate to two critical mental health and behavioural outcomes.
Disclaimer
Great care has been taken in the preparation of this document; however, the contents are provided "as is"
without any express or implied representations or warranties. The author accepts no responsibility or
liability for any actions taken based on the information contained within this document. This document is
intended solely for comparison, research, and reference purposes. Reproduction, resale, or transmission
of any part of this document, in any form or by any means, is strictly prohibited.
