BKAT STUDY SET QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% COMPLETE
1. Normal blood gases; pH: 7.35-7.45
2. Normal blood gases: CO2: 35-45
3. Normal blood gases: HcO3: 22-26
4. Normal blood gases: PO2: 80 or above
5. Normal vacuum pressures for suction?: 120-140 mmHg
6. What may a high pressure vent alarm indicate?: Pt is biting on the tubing,
excessive secretions in the tubing, kinked tubing
7. What may a low pressure vent alarm indicate?: cuff leak or the tubing is
disconnected somewhere
8. How do you verify positioning of an endotracheal tube?: -auscultate lung
bases and apices for bilateral breath sounds -observe chest for symmetric
chest wall movement
-confirm with end tidal CO2 measure
GOLD STANDARD: chest x-ray
9. t/f: people with ET tubes should be suctioned routinely: FALSE-- they
should be suctioned on an as needed basis
10. what should ET tube cuff pressure be kept at?: 20-25 mmHg
,11. What measures should nurses take to avoid ET tube problems?: -confirm
that exit mark on ET tube remains constant when providing patient care,
repositioning, and transporting patient
-maintain proper cuff inflation (listen for an air leak-- if pt can talk, you must inflate
more)
-continually monitor SpO2, RR, HR and rhythm, mental status, and ABGs
-pre-oxygenate before suctioning
12. What should be done if a patient is not tolerating ET tube suctioning?:
STOP and manually hyperventilate with 100% oxygen
13. Measures to prevent aspiration?: -avoid bolus tube feedings
-monitor tube feeding residuals
-maintain HOB at LEAST 30 degrees or greater
-maintain proper ET tube cuff inflation
-perform frequent oral pharyngeal suctioning
-maintain an NG tube connected to low, intermittent suction if feeding tube is
placed below the pylorus
14. what are recommendations for preventing ventilator associated
pneumonia?: -manage ventilated patients without sedatives whenever
possible
-interrupt sedation once a day (spontaneous breathing trials)
-provide early exercise and mobility
-provide regular oral care
-minimiẓe pooling of secretions above the ET tube cuff
-use ET tubes with subglottic secretion drainage for patients likely to require
greater than 72 hours of intubation
-keep HOB elevated 30-45 degress
-change ventilator circuit only if visibly soiled or malfunctioning
, 15. What is the biggest complication associated with high cervical spinal
cord injuries?: BREATHING-- the diaphragm is innervated by C3-C5 levels
C4-diaphragm
will likely need mechanical ventilation mgmt.
16. signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure?: -altered LOC -
headache
-bradycardia
-decreased respirations
-acute HTN with widening pulse pressure
-N/V
-worsening neuro deficits
-pupils that are nonreactive
17. What are the components of a neuro exam? (7): 1. LOC
2. mental status and cognitive function
3. cranial nerves
4. motor
5. sensory
6. coordination
7. reflexes
18. What are the three components of the glasgow coma scale?: 1. eye
opening
2. motor
3. verbal
19. What is a negative and positive babinski reflex? what do each indicate?:
negative (normal) response: toes curl downward positive (pathologic) response=
toes curl upward
1. Normal blood gases; pH: 7.35-7.45
2. Normal blood gases: CO2: 35-45
3. Normal blood gases: HcO3: 22-26
4. Normal blood gases: PO2: 80 or above
5. Normal vacuum pressures for suction?: 120-140 mmHg
6. What may a high pressure vent alarm indicate?: Pt is biting on the tubing,
excessive secretions in the tubing, kinked tubing
7. What may a low pressure vent alarm indicate?: cuff leak or the tubing is
disconnected somewhere
8. How do you verify positioning of an endotracheal tube?: -auscultate lung
bases and apices for bilateral breath sounds -observe chest for symmetric
chest wall movement
-confirm with end tidal CO2 measure
GOLD STANDARD: chest x-ray
9. t/f: people with ET tubes should be suctioned routinely: FALSE-- they
should be suctioned on an as needed basis
10. what should ET tube cuff pressure be kept at?: 20-25 mmHg
,11. What measures should nurses take to avoid ET tube problems?: -confirm
that exit mark on ET tube remains constant when providing patient care,
repositioning, and transporting patient
-maintain proper cuff inflation (listen for an air leak-- if pt can talk, you must inflate
more)
-continually monitor SpO2, RR, HR and rhythm, mental status, and ABGs
-pre-oxygenate before suctioning
12. What should be done if a patient is not tolerating ET tube suctioning?:
STOP and manually hyperventilate with 100% oxygen
13. Measures to prevent aspiration?: -avoid bolus tube feedings
-monitor tube feeding residuals
-maintain HOB at LEAST 30 degrees or greater
-maintain proper ET tube cuff inflation
-perform frequent oral pharyngeal suctioning
-maintain an NG tube connected to low, intermittent suction if feeding tube is
placed below the pylorus
14. what are recommendations for preventing ventilator associated
pneumonia?: -manage ventilated patients without sedatives whenever
possible
-interrupt sedation once a day (spontaneous breathing trials)
-provide early exercise and mobility
-provide regular oral care
-minimiẓe pooling of secretions above the ET tube cuff
-use ET tubes with subglottic secretion drainage for patients likely to require
greater than 72 hours of intubation
-keep HOB elevated 30-45 degress
-change ventilator circuit only if visibly soiled or malfunctioning
, 15. What is the biggest complication associated with high cervical spinal
cord injuries?: BREATHING-- the diaphragm is innervated by C3-C5 levels
C4-diaphragm
will likely need mechanical ventilation mgmt.
16. signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure?: -altered LOC -
headache
-bradycardia
-decreased respirations
-acute HTN with widening pulse pressure
-N/V
-worsening neuro deficits
-pupils that are nonreactive
17. What are the components of a neuro exam? (7): 1. LOC
2. mental status and cognitive function
3. cranial nerves
4. motor
5. sensory
6. coordination
7. reflexes
18. What are the three components of the glasgow coma scale?: 1. eye
opening
2. motor
3. verbal
19. What is a negative and positive babinski reflex? what do each indicate?:
negative (normal) response: toes curl downward positive (pathologic) response=
toes curl upward
