NIGHTINGALE COLLEGE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Pathophysiology - ANS The study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular,
cellular, and organ systems) that result from disease or injury.
Pathology - ANS The investigation of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs, which
can help identify the cause of a particular disease.
Diagnosis - ANS The naming or identification of a disease - is made from an evaluation of the
evidence accumulated from the presenting signs and symptoms, health and medical history,
physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging.
Etiology - ANS The study of the CAUSE of disease
Epidemiology - ANS The study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and transmission
among populations and by geographic areas
Nucleus - ANS Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism)
and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information
Cytoplasm - ANS An aqueous solution. The medium for chemical reaction. It provides a
platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell
expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Ribosomes - ANS Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein and
lipid components of most organelles. A new role is sensing cellular stress.
Golgi apparatus - ANS Responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto secretory
vesicles that break away from the complex and migrate to various intracellular and extracellular
destinations, including plasma membrane.
Lysosomes - ANS Contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form,
such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates (sugars).
Peroxisomes - ANS Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and
other harmful chemicals
Mitochondria - ANS Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
Cytoskeleton - ANS Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell
maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
Plasma Membrane - ANS The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective
barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
Signaling processes - ANS 1. They display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
(receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the
cell to bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent
cells
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Atrophy: - ANS Decrease in cell size
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Pathophysiology - ANS The study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular,
cellular, and organ systems) that result from disease or injury.
Pathology - ANS The investigation of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs, which
can help identify the cause of a particular disease.
Diagnosis - ANS The naming or identification of a disease - is made from an evaluation of the
evidence accumulated from the presenting signs and symptoms, health and medical history,
physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging.
Etiology - ANS The study of the CAUSE of disease
Epidemiology - ANS The study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and transmission
among populations and by geographic areas
Nucleus - ANS Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism)
and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information
Cytoplasm - ANS An aqueous solution. The medium for chemical reaction. It provides a
platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell
expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Ribosomes - ANS Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis.
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
, Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein and
lipid components of most organelles. A new role is sensing cellular stress.
Golgi apparatus - ANS Responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto secretory
vesicles that break away from the complex and migrate to various intracellular and extracellular
destinations, including plasma membrane.
Lysosomes - ANS Contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form,
such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates (sugars).
Peroxisomes - ANS Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and
other harmful chemicals
Mitochondria - ANS Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production
Cytoskeleton - ANS Network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell
maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement
Plasma Membrane - ANS The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective
barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
Signaling processes - ANS 1. They display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
(receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
2. They affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the
cell to bind to them
3. They form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the activities of adjacent
cells
Adaptive cellular mechanism - Atrophy: - ANS Decrease in cell size
Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
