CSES 1010 Exam 1 Study Guide: Soil Science, Crop Basics, and Environmental Concepts. EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, GRADED A+.

CSES 1010 Exam 1 Study Guide: Soil Science, Crop Basics, and Environmental Concepts. EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, GRADED A+. About This Resource: This CSES 1010 Exam 1 Study Guide is designed to help students prepare for the first major exam in Introduction to Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences. It covers core topics such as soil properties, plant growth, basic soil science, and agriculture’s role in society. Packed with practice questions, concept reviews, and key definitions, this guide is perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding and excel on the exam. 5 soil moisture regimes - -1. Aquic 2. Udic 3. Ustic 4. Aridic 5. Xeric 5 soil temperature regimes - -1. cryic 2. frigid 3. mesic 4. thermic 5. hyperthermic Aridisols - -Arid soils. Soils that developed under very dry conditions and are usually very high in soluble salts (e.g. Ca, Mg, K, and Na). Coldest to warmest temperature regimes - -cryic- cold; permafrost frigid- cold with mild summers mesic- mean annual soil temperature is 46F-59F thermic- mean annual soil temperature is 58F-77F hyperthermic- mean annual soil temperature 73F (tropics) Define soil organic matter (SOM) - -natural C- containing organic materials living or dead - aids in soil aggregation, structure - increases water-holding capacity/porosity - can increase infiltration rates - principal source of essential plant nutrients - energy source of soil microorganisms Entisols - -Soils with little or no soil profile development. Many of these are deep sands such as the sand hills of Nebraska or the Carolina Sand Hills or the central ridge in Florida. Gelisols - -Soils of frigid regions with permafrost. Histosols - -Organic soils developed usually under wet conditions. "Hist" comes from the root meaning "tissue". Found in the Florida Everglades south of Lake Okeechobee and scattered in the northern U..S. and Canada. None in Alabama. How do deep rooted crops with lots of biomass create soils (think prairie grasses)- what do these soils look like? - -BIOTA (plants, microorganisms, microorganisms); dark, fertile and deep soils; animals- tunneling, soil disturbance, burrowing How do we increase soil pH? - -Lime is usually added to acid soils to increase soil pH. How does temperature and precipitation affect soil weathering? - -temperature directly influences the speed of chemical reactions. The warmer the temperature, the faster reactions occur. Temperature fluctuations increase physical weathering of rocks. Precipitation governs water movement in the soil how does the soil texture affect the pore size of that soil - -it affects how well the water drains/holds, and how well the soil can grow things How does tillage effect SOM? - -it has a negative effect on soil organic matter due to human influence. Different tillage systems causes different levels of soil carbon losses How is SOM different from soil carbon? - -Soil organic carbon (SOC) refers to the percentage carbon component of organic compounds. SOM is composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and has small amounts of other elements, such as nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, potassium, calcium and magnesium contained in organic residues. Inceptisols - -"Inceptual soils" or very young soils with little soil profile development. These are usually found on steep slopes or in river bottom