Maryville Patho NURS 611 Exam 2. dr. wunderlich
Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct
humoral immunity - ANSWER antibody circulates in the blood and binds to
antigens on infectious agents
cellular immunity - ANSWER T cells undergo differentiation during an immune response
and develop into several subpopulations of cells that react directly with antigen on the
surface of infectious agents. some develop into t-cells that can stimulate activities of
other leukocytes; some develop into t-cytotoxic cells that attack and kill targets directly
target cells for t-cells - ANSWER cells infected by a variety of viruses, as
well as cells that have become cancerous.
active immunity - ANSWER acquired; ex-vaccines; produced by an
individual either after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization
passive immunity - ANSWER does not involve host; ex: breastmilk
what are the classes of immunoglobulins - ANSWER G-A-M-E
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE
IgG - ANSWER the most abundant class of innumoglobulins; they constitute
80-85% and account for the most protective activity against infections
Maternal IgG crosses into placenta and can be found in blood of the fetus
IgA - ANSWER found in bodily secretions as dimers anchored together through a J
chain and "secretory piece". The secretory piece may function to protect the
Ig against degradation by enzymes. These are produced by cells in mucous
membranes
IgM - ANSWER the largest of the immunoglobulins. The FIRST antibody produced
during the initial/primary response to antigen. Synthsized early in neonatal life and the
synthesis may be increased as a response to infection in utero; it is a pentemere-the
initial most important responder to infection
IgE - ANSWER the least concentrated of the Ig in circulation. Appears to have very
specialized functions as a mediator of many common allergic responses and in the
defense against parasitic infections
,Systemis Lupus Erythmatosus (SLE) - ANSWER chronic, multisystem,
inflammatory disease that is one of the most common, complex, and serious
autoimmune disorders
increases intracranial pressure - ANSWER swelling, commonly seen after
TBI can lead to dangerous ___________ which can cause collateral dysfunction
(Reason to watch output during DI because ADH is not secreted-thus polyuria)
hypoxia - ANSWER number 1 injury to the brain
delerium - ANSWER acute, sudden onset, common during hospitalization, lasts hours
to weeks, agitation, withdrawn/depression behavior, disoriented thoughts, hallucinations
dementia - ANSWER chronic, insidious or gradual onset, slow decline, can
lasts months to years, attention and orientation are often intact early and impaired late
alzheimers - ANSWER condition diagnosed by ruling out other possibilities
signs and symptoms of stroke (middle cerebral artery) - ANSWER hemiplegia
orhemiparesis greater in face and arm than leg, contralateral loss in same distribution
as motor loss, expressive disorder with anomia, contralateral homonymous
hemianoplopia (left vision is intact), cheyne-stokes respirations, occasional mydriasis,
little to no sensory loss
difference between guillain-barre syndrome and multiple sclerosis - ANSWER GBS is
caused by a recent bacterial or viral infection; MS is not caused by a previous infection
during pregnancy - ANSWER first MS event occasionally happens when?
MS - ANSWER a chronic inflammatory disease involving degeneration of
CNS myelin, scarring or formation of plaque, loss of axons. It is caused by an
autoimmune response to self-antigen in genetically susceptible individuals
MS clinical manifestations - ANSWER initially 90% of persons present with a relapsing,
remitting course; 10% present with a primary progressive course; 90% develop a
progressive course in 10-20 years after onset of the disease; however, once walking
problems develop, disease progression occurs quickly regardless of disease type
MS disease progression - ANSWER inflammatory changes in the CNS increase, and
loss of brain volume progresses more rapidly. the demyelination disrupts sodium,
calcium, and potassium ion channels and calcium influx is proinflammatory and
neurotoxic. Activated microglia and macrophages release nitric oxide and free radicals.
, type I hypersensitivity - ANSWER allergies
type II hypersensitivity - ANSWER antibody-dependent; ex: hyperthyroidism
= antibody stimulates thyroid cells to produce thyroxine
O - ANSWER universal donor blood type; can be given to a, b, or ab
AB - ANSWER universal recipient blood type, can receive o, a, or b
type III hypersensitivity - ANSWER caused by immune complexes ; primary
difference between this hypersensitivity and type II hypersensitivity reactions are that
the antibody binds to soluble antigen causing the complex to deposit in the tissues
ex: raynaud phenomenon
type IV hypersensitivity - ANSWER delayed reaction; ex: graft rejection,
contact dermatitis from poison ivy
SLE - ANSWER a chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disease; it is the most
common, complex, and serious of the autoimmune disorders
SLE tissue damage - ANSWER this is caused by deposition of immune complexes
containing antibodies against DNA; deposited in renal tubules, heart, spleen, etc.
SLE clinical manifestations - ANSWER facial rash confined to the cheeks,
photosensitivity, renal disorder, neurologic disorders, hematologic disorders
primary immune deficiency - ANSWER very rare; most common deficiencies
are common variable deficiency, selective IgA deficiency, and IgG subclass deficiency
secondary, or acquired, immune and inflammatory deficiencies - ANSWER
more common than primary deficiencies, complications of other physiologic or
pathophysiologic conditions
conditions known to be associated with acquired deficiencies - ANSWER metabolic
disease or genetic syndromes (alcoholic cirrhois, sickle cell, SLE),
environmental agents (UV light, ionizing radiation, chronic hypoxia), medical treatments
(anesthesia, splenectomy)
invasion - ANSWER results in direct confrontation with the individual's
primary defense mechanism against bacteria
evasion - ANSWER results in the microorganism transported in the blood to
organs (septicemia)
Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct
humoral immunity - ANSWER antibody circulates in the blood and binds to
antigens on infectious agents
cellular immunity - ANSWER T cells undergo differentiation during an immune response
and develop into several subpopulations of cells that react directly with antigen on the
surface of infectious agents. some develop into t-cells that can stimulate activities of
other leukocytes; some develop into t-cytotoxic cells that attack and kill targets directly
target cells for t-cells - ANSWER cells infected by a variety of viruses, as
well as cells that have become cancerous.
active immunity - ANSWER acquired; ex-vaccines; produced by an
individual either after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization
passive immunity - ANSWER does not involve host; ex: breastmilk
what are the classes of immunoglobulins - ANSWER G-A-M-E
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE
IgG - ANSWER the most abundant class of innumoglobulins; they constitute
80-85% and account for the most protective activity against infections
Maternal IgG crosses into placenta and can be found in blood of the fetus
IgA - ANSWER found in bodily secretions as dimers anchored together through a J
chain and "secretory piece". The secretory piece may function to protect the
Ig against degradation by enzymes. These are produced by cells in mucous
membranes
IgM - ANSWER the largest of the immunoglobulins. The FIRST antibody produced
during the initial/primary response to antigen. Synthsized early in neonatal life and the
synthesis may be increased as a response to infection in utero; it is a pentemere-the
initial most important responder to infection
IgE - ANSWER the least concentrated of the Ig in circulation. Appears to have very
specialized functions as a mediator of many common allergic responses and in the
defense against parasitic infections
,Systemis Lupus Erythmatosus (SLE) - ANSWER chronic, multisystem,
inflammatory disease that is one of the most common, complex, and serious
autoimmune disorders
increases intracranial pressure - ANSWER swelling, commonly seen after
TBI can lead to dangerous ___________ which can cause collateral dysfunction
(Reason to watch output during DI because ADH is not secreted-thus polyuria)
hypoxia - ANSWER number 1 injury to the brain
delerium - ANSWER acute, sudden onset, common during hospitalization, lasts hours
to weeks, agitation, withdrawn/depression behavior, disoriented thoughts, hallucinations
dementia - ANSWER chronic, insidious or gradual onset, slow decline, can
lasts months to years, attention and orientation are often intact early and impaired late
alzheimers - ANSWER condition diagnosed by ruling out other possibilities
signs and symptoms of stroke (middle cerebral artery) - ANSWER hemiplegia
orhemiparesis greater in face and arm than leg, contralateral loss in same distribution
as motor loss, expressive disorder with anomia, contralateral homonymous
hemianoplopia (left vision is intact), cheyne-stokes respirations, occasional mydriasis,
little to no sensory loss
difference between guillain-barre syndrome and multiple sclerosis - ANSWER GBS is
caused by a recent bacterial or viral infection; MS is not caused by a previous infection
during pregnancy - ANSWER first MS event occasionally happens when?
MS - ANSWER a chronic inflammatory disease involving degeneration of
CNS myelin, scarring or formation of plaque, loss of axons. It is caused by an
autoimmune response to self-antigen in genetically susceptible individuals
MS clinical manifestations - ANSWER initially 90% of persons present with a relapsing,
remitting course; 10% present with a primary progressive course; 90% develop a
progressive course in 10-20 years after onset of the disease; however, once walking
problems develop, disease progression occurs quickly regardless of disease type
MS disease progression - ANSWER inflammatory changes in the CNS increase, and
loss of brain volume progresses more rapidly. the demyelination disrupts sodium,
calcium, and potassium ion channels and calcium influx is proinflammatory and
neurotoxic. Activated microglia and macrophages release nitric oxide and free radicals.
, type I hypersensitivity - ANSWER allergies
type II hypersensitivity - ANSWER antibody-dependent; ex: hyperthyroidism
= antibody stimulates thyroid cells to produce thyroxine
O - ANSWER universal donor blood type; can be given to a, b, or ab
AB - ANSWER universal recipient blood type, can receive o, a, or b
type III hypersensitivity - ANSWER caused by immune complexes ; primary
difference between this hypersensitivity and type II hypersensitivity reactions are that
the antibody binds to soluble antigen causing the complex to deposit in the tissues
ex: raynaud phenomenon
type IV hypersensitivity - ANSWER delayed reaction; ex: graft rejection,
contact dermatitis from poison ivy
SLE - ANSWER a chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disease; it is the most
common, complex, and serious of the autoimmune disorders
SLE tissue damage - ANSWER this is caused by deposition of immune complexes
containing antibodies against DNA; deposited in renal tubules, heart, spleen, etc.
SLE clinical manifestations - ANSWER facial rash confined to the cheeks,
photosensitivity, renal disorder, neurologic disorders, hematologic disorders
primary immune deficiency - ANSWER very rare; most common deficiencies
are common variable deficiency, selective IgA deficiency, and IgG subclass deficiency
secondary, or acquired, immune and inflammatory deficiencies - ANSWER
more common than primary deficiencies, complications of other physiologic or
pathophysiologic conditions
conditions known to be associated with acquired deficiencies - ANSWER metabolic
disease or genetic syndromes (alcoholic cirrhois, sickle cell, SLE),
environmental agents (UV light, ionizing radiation, chronic hypoxia), medical treatments
(anesthesia, splenectomy)
invasion - ANSWER results in direct confrontation with the individual's
primary defense mechanism against bacteria
evasion - ANSWER results in the microorganism transported in the blood to
organs (septicemia)
