NSG 5140 Final Exam Review Adv Pathophysiology South College NSG
5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2025 Questions and Answers |
100% Pass Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
1. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops metabolic acidosis. Which
compensatory mechanism is most likely to occur?
A. Increased renal bicarbonate reabsorption
B. Increased respiratory rate
C. Decreased hydrogen ion excretion
D. Decreased respiratory rate
The body compensates for metabolic acidosis by increasing respiratory rate to
eliminate CO₂, a component of acid, thus raising blood pH.
2. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Impaired glucose uptake in muscle
D. Excess insulin secretion
Type 1 Diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells,
leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
, 3. In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which of the
following changes is typically seen?
A. Preserved left ventricular systolic function
B. Decreased left ventricular contractility
C. Increased cardiac output
D. Normal preload and afterload
HFrEF is characterized by decreased contractility of the left ventricle, leading to
reduced ejection fraction.
4. What is the primary pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Beta-amyloid plaque accumulation
B. Dopamine deficiency
C. Decreased serotonin levels
D. Elevated GABA activity
Alzheimer’s disease is marked by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal death.
5. Which cytokine is most associated with the systemic inflammatory
response in sepsis?
A. IL-10
B. IL-2
C. TNF-alpha
D. Erythropoietin
,TNF-alpha plays a central role in mediating systemic inflammation during sepsis,
contributing to vasodilation and capillary leakage.
6. Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating red blood cell
production?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone
C. Erythropoietin
D. Cortisol
Erythropoietin, produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, stimulates red
blood cell production in the bone marrow.
7. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of hypoxia in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A. Decreased alveolar surface area
B. Increased diffusion capacity
C. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
D. Elevated arterial oxygen pressure
COPD leads to areas of the lung being well perfused but poorly ventilated,
resulting in V/Q mismatch and hypoxia.
8. A patient has elevated TSH and low free T4. What is the most likely
diagnosis?
, A. Primary hypothyroidism
B. Secondary hypothyroidism
C. Graves’ disease
D. Euthyroid sick syndrome
In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland fails to produce adequate T4,
causing the pituitary to secrete more TSH.
9. Which electrolyte disturbance is most likely to cause peaked T waves on an
ECG?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia causes characteristic peaked T waves due to altered myocardial
conduction.
10.Which of the following is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Pyuria
C. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
D. Bacteriuria
Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and
edema.
5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2025 Questions and Answers |
100% Pass Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
1. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops metabolic acidosis. Which
compensatory mechanism is most likely to occur?
A. Increased renal bicarbonate reabsorption
B. Increased respiratory rate
C. Decreased hydrogen ion excretion
D. Decreased respiratory rate
The body compensates for metabolic acidosis by increasing respiratory rate to
eliminate CO₂, a component of acid, thus raising blood pH.
2. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Impaired glucose uptake in muscle
D. Excess insulin secretion
Type 1 Diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells,
leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
, 3. In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which of the
following changes is typically seen?
A. Preserved left ventricular systolic function
B. Decreased left ventricular contractility
C. Increased cardiac output
D. Normal preload and afterload
HFrEF is characterized by decreased contractility of the left ventricle, leading to
reduced ejection fraction.
4. What is the primary pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Beta-amyloid plaque accumulation
B. Dopamine deficiency
C. Decreased serotonin levels
D. Elevated GABA activity
Alzheimer’s disease is marked by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal death.
5. Which cytokine is most associated with the systemic inflammatory
response in sepsis?
A. IL-10
B. IL-2
C. TNF-alpha
D. Erythropoietin
,TNF-alpha plays a central role in mediating systemic inflammation during sepsis,
contributing to vasodilation and capillary leakage.
6. Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating red blood cell
production?
A. Renin
B. Aldosterone
C. Erythropoietin
D. Cortisol
Erythropoietin, produced by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, stimulates red
blood cell production in the bone marrow.
7. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of hypoxia in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A. Decreased alveolar surface area
B. Increased diffusion capacity
C. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch
D. Elevated arterial oxygen pressure
COPD leads to areas of the lung being well perfused but poorly ventilated,
resulting in V/Q mismatch and hypoxia.
8. A patient has elevated TSH and low free T4. What is the most likely
diagnosis?
, A. Primary hypothyroidism
B. Secondary hypothyroidism
C. Graves’ disease
D. Euthyroid sick syndrome
In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland fails to produce adequate T4,
causing the pituitary to secrete more TSH.
9. Which electrolyte disturbance is most likely to cause peaked T waves on an
ECG?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hyponatremia
Hyperkalemia causes characteristic peaked T waves due to altered myocardial
conduction.
10.Which of the following is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Hematuria
B. Pyuria
C. Proteinuria >3.5 g/day
D. Bacteriuria
Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and
edema.
