NSG 5140 Midterm and Final Exam Review Adv
Pathophysiology South College NSG 5140 Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
This content is designed to reflect graduate-level material and exam standards.
1. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in hypoxia?
• Oxidative stress
• ATP depletion
• DNA fragmentation
• Inflammatory cytokine release
ATP depletion impairs the sodium-potassium pump, leading to cellular
swelling and dysfunction.
2. Which organ is most susceptible to ischemia?
• Liver
• Brain
• Skin
• Pancreas
The brain has a high metabolic demand and limited capacity for anaerobic
metabolism.
,3. A patient with chronic hypertension experiences left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of:
• Hyperplasia
• Hypertrophy
• Metaplasia
• Atrophy
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size due to increased workload,
commonly seen in cardiac muscle.
4. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
• Programmed cell death
• Accidental necrosis
• Chronic inflammation
• Cell lysis due to trauma
Apoptosis is an organized, energy-dependent process of cellular self-
destruction.
5. What is the primary role of cytokines in inflammation?
• Kill bacteria
• Promote fibrosis
• Regulate immune response
• Activate platelets
Cytokines coordinate the inflammatory response by modulating the
activity of immune cells.
,6. Which immune cell is first to arrive during acute inflammation?
• Macrophages
• Neutrophils
• B lymphocytes
• Eosinophils
Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and injury during acute
inflammation.
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE and mast cells?
• Type II
• Type III
• Type IV
• Type I
Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE antibodies bound to mast cells,
causing histamine release.
8. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever?
• IL-10
• TNF-alpha
• IL-1
• IL-4
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to increase the body's set point
temperature.
9. A granuloma is typically formed in response to:
, • Persistent infection
• Allergic reactions
• Acute inflammation
• Viral replication
Granulomas form when the immune system attempts to wall off
substances it cannot eliminate.
10.Which virus is oncogenic and linked to cervical cancer?
• Hepatitis C
• Epstein-Barr virus
• Influenza
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
High-risk HPV strains produce proteins that disrupt tumor suppressor
genes like p53.
11.What process leads to oncogene activation?
• Loss of DNA repair enzymes
• Gain-of-function mutations
• Decreased cell signaling
• Apoptosis
Oncogenes result from mutations that enhance normal proto-oncogene
activity.
12.Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning in renal failure?
• Hyperkalemia
Pathophysiology South College NSG 5140 Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
This content is designed to reflect graduate-level material and exam standards.
1. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in hypoxia?
• Oxidative stress
• ATP depletion
• DNA fragmentation
• Inflammatory cytokine release
ATP depletion impairs the sodium-potassium pump, leading to cellular
swelling and dysfunction.
2. Which organ is most susceptible to ischemia?
• Liver
• Brain
• Skin
• Pancreas
The brain has a high metabolic demand and limited capacity for anaerobic
metabolism.
,3. A patient with chronic hypertension experiences left ventricular
hypertrophy. This is an example of:
• Hyperplasia
• Hypertrophy
• Metaplasia
• Atrophy
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in cell size due to increased workload,
commonly seen in cardiac muscle.
4. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
• Programmed cell death
• Accidental necrosis
• Chronic inflammation
• Cell lysis due to trauma
Apoptosis is an organized, energy-dependent process of cellular self-
destruction.
5. What is the primary role of cytokines in inflammation?
• Kill bacteria
• Promote fibrosis
• Regulate immune response
• Activate platelets
Cytokines coordinate the inflammatory response by modulating the
activity of immune cells.
,6. Which immune cell is first to arrive during acute inflammation?
• Macrophages
• Neutrophils
• B lymphocytes
• Eosinophils
Neutrophils are the first responders to infection and injury during acute
inflammation.
7. What type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE and mast cells?
• Type II
• Type III
• Type IV
• Type I
Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE antibodies bound to mast cells,
causing histamine release.
8. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever?
• IL-10
• TNF-alpha
• IL-1
• IL-4
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to increase the body's set point
temperature.
9. A granuloma is typically formed in response to:
, • Persistent infection
• Allergic reactions
• Acute inflammation
• Viral replication
Granulomas form when the immune system attempts to wall off
substances it cannot eliminate.
10.Which virus is oncogenic and linked to cervical cancer?
• Hepatitis C
• Epstein-Barr virus
• Influenza
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
High-risk HPV strains produce proteins that disrupt tumor suppressor
genes like p53.
11.What process leads to oncogene activation?
• Loss of DNA repair enzymes
• Gain-of-function mutations
• Decreased cell signaling
• Apoptosis
Oncogenes result from mutations that enhance normal proto-oncogene
activity.
12.Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning in renal failure?
• Hyperkalemia
