NSG6020 / NSG 6020 Midterm 1 Exam 2025
Questions and Answers Updated ()
(Verified Answers)
1. Which class of antihypertensive drugs is contraindicated in pregnancy due
to teratogenicity?
ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors can cause fetal renal damage, oligohydramnios, and skull
hypoplasia, making them contraindicated in pregnancy.
2. What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers?
They inhibit calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle and myocardial
cells.
This inhibition results in vasodilation, decreased myocardial contractility,
and reduced cardiac workload.
3. Which antibiotic is safe to use during pregnancy?
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic considered safe in all trimesters of
pregnancy.
4. What adverse effect is commonly associated with statins?
Myopathy
, Statins can cause muscle damage leading to symptoms of muscle pain,
tenderness, or weakness.
5. Which drug is a selective beta-1 blocker?
Metoprolol
Metoprolol selectively blocks beta-1 receptors in the heart, reducing heart
rate and contractility without significant bronchoconstriction.
6. Which lab value should be monitored with warfarin therapy?
INR
The INR is used to assess the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and guide
dosage adjustments.
7. What is the black box warning for fluoroquinolones?
Tendon rupture
Fluoroquinolones can increase the risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture,
especially in older adults and those on corticosteroids.
8. Which diuretic is potassium-sparing?
Spironolactone
Spironolactone conserves potassium by antagonizing aldosterone in the
distal nephron.
9. Which medication is first-line for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Metformin
Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin
sensitivity, making it the preferred initial therapy.
10.Which antiplatelet drug irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2?
Aspirin
, Aspirin's irreversible inhibition of COX enzymes reduces thromboxane A2,
inhibiting platelet aggregation.
11.What adverse effect is most concerning with aminoglycoside antibiotics?
Nephrotoxicity
Aminoglycosides accumulate in renal cortical tissue, potentially causing
kidney damage.
12.What is the antidote for opioid overdose?
Naloxone
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that rapidly reverses opioid-induced
respiratory depression.
13.Which class of antihypertensives may cause a dry cough?
ACE inhibitors
The accumulation of bradykinin due to ACE inhibition is responsible for the
dry cough.
14.What medication is used for both depression and smoking cessation?
Bupropion
Bupropion acts on dopamine and norepinephrine and is effective in aiding
smoking cessation.
15.What is a major side effect of loop diuretics?
Hypokalemia
Loop diuretics promote potassium excretion, which can lead to
hypokalemia.
16.Which insulin has the fastest onset of action?
Insulin lispro
, Lispro is a rapid-acting insulin that starts working within 15 minutes of
administration.
17.What is a contraindication for estrogen-containing contraceptives?
History of thromboembolic events
Estrogen increases clotting factors and can raise the risk of thrombosis.
18.What drug is a dopamine precursor used in Parkinson’s disease?
Levodopa
Levodopa is converted to dopamine in the brain, alleviating Parkinsonian
symptoms.
19.Which vitamin deficiency can result from long-term metformin use?
Vitamin B12
Metformin can reduce B12 absorption, potentially leading to neuropathy
and anemia.
20.Which antidepressant is most associated with sexual dysfunction?
Fluoxetine
SSRIs like fluoxetine commonly cause decreased libido, anorgasmia, and
delayed ejaculation.
21.What is the black box warning for SSRIs in children and adolescents?
Increased risk of suicidal ideation
Children and teens may experience increased suicidal thoughts, especially
in early treatment.
22.Which class of medications is associated with the risk of lactic acidosis?
Biguanides
Questions and Answers Updated ()
(Verified Answers)
1. Which class of antihypertensive drugs is contraindicated in pregnancy due
to teratogenicity?
ACE inhibitors
ACE inhibitors can cause fetal renal damage, oligohydramnios, and skull
hypoplasia, making them contraindicated in pregnancy.
2. What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers?
They inhibit calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle and myocardial
cells.
This inhibition results in vasodilation, decreased myocardial contractility,
and reduced cardiac workload.
3. Which antibiotic is safe to use during pregnancy?
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic considered safe in all trimesters of
pregnancy.
4. What adverse effect is commonly associated with statins?
Myopathy
, Statins can cause muscle damage leading to symptoms of muscle pain,
tenderness, or weakness.
5. Which drug is a selective beta-1 blocker?
Metoprolol
Metoprolol selectively blocks beta-1 receptors in the heart, reducing heart
rate and contractility without significant bronchoconstriction.
6. Which lab value should be monitored with warfarin therapy?
INR
The INR is used to assess the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and guide
dosage adjustments.
7. What is the black box warning for fluoroquinolones?
Tendon rupture
Fluoroquinolones can increase the risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture,
especially in older adults and those on corticosteroids.
8. Which diuretic is potassium-sparing?
Spironolactone
Spironolactone conserves potassium by antagonizing aldosterone in the
distal nephron.
9. Which medication is first-line for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Metformin
Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin
sensitivity, making it the preferred initial therapy.
10.Which antiplatelet drug irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2?
Aspirin
, Aspirin's irreversible inhibition of COX enzymes reduces thromboxane A2,
inhibiting platelet aggregation.
11.What adverse effect is most concerning with aminoglycoside antibiotics?
Nephrotoxicity
Aminoglycosides accumulate in renal cortical tissue, potentially causing
kidney damage.
12.What is the antidote for opioid overdose?
Naloxone
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that rapidly reverses opioid-induced
respiratory depression.
13.Which class of antihypertensives may cause a dry cough?
ACE inhibitors
The accumulation of bradykinin due to ACE inhibition is responsible for the
dry cough.
14.What medication is used for both depression and smoking cessation?
Bupropion
Bupropion acts on dopamine and norepinephrine and is effective in aiding
smoking cessation.
15.What is a major side effect of loop diuretics?
Hypokalemia
Loop diuretics promote potassium excretion, which can lead to
hypokalemia.
16.Which insulin has the fastest onset of action?
Insulin lispro
, Lispro is a rapid-acting insulin that starts working within 15 minutes of
administration.
17.What is a contraindication for estrogen-containing contraceptives?
History of thromboembolic events
Estrogen increases clotting factors and can raise the risk of thrombosis.
18.What drug is a dopamine precursor used in Parkinson’s disease?
Levodopa
Levodopa is converted to dopamine in the brain, alleviating Parkinsonian
symptoms.
19.Which vitamin deficiency can result from long-term metformin use?
Vitamin B12
Metformin can reduce B12 absorption, potentially leading to neuropathy
and anemia.
20.Which antidepressant is most associated with sexual dysfunction?
Fluoxetine
SSRIs like fluoxetine commonly cause decreased libido, anorgasmia, and
delayed ejaculation.
21.What is the black box warning for SSRIs in children and adolescents?
Increased risk of suicidal ideation
Children and teens may experience increased suicidal thoughts, especially
in early treatment.
22.Which class of medications is associated with the risk of lactic acidosis?
Biguanides
