Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
And Final Exam Actual Questions With
Verified Correct Answers
Metaplasia -Answer:-reversible replacement of one mature cell type
(epithelial or mesenchymal) by another, sometimes less
differentiated, cell type.
Cause of metaplasia -Answer:-develops from reprogramming of
stem cells. Found in association with tissue damage, repair, and
regeneration.
pathophysiology of metaplasia -Answer:-Adaptive replacement cell
may be more suitable to the changed conditions in the surrounding
environment. Ex. GERD damages squamous epithelium of the
esophagus, cells are replaced by glandular epithelium which may
tolerate the acid better. Not always beneficial. Ex. Smoking causes
changes in bronchi cells, which don't have cilia or secrete mucus,
causing loss of protective mechanism.
,What is the significance of metaplasia -Answer:-Can be reversed if
stimulus is removed. If continues, can cause malignant
transformation.
Dysplasia -Answer:-abnormal changes in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells. mostly found in epithelia
Significance of dysplasia -Answer:-can be reversed if it does not
involve the entire epithelium. When dysplastic changes penetrate
the basement membrane it is considered a preinvasive neoplasm
(carcinoma in situ)
mechanisms of cell injury -Answer:-ATP depletion, mitochondrial
damage, accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
membrane damage
protein folding defects
DNA damage defects
calcium level alterations
,reperfusion injury -Answer:-injury to tissue that occurs after blood
flow is restored
restoration of needed oxygen is accompanied by oxidative stress
with the generation of toxic oxygen radicals which damage cellular
membranes and mitochndria
What helps reperfusion injury? -Answer:-antioxidants and anti-
inflammatory drugs
examples of cell injury -Answer:-ischemic and hypoxic injury
ischemia-reperfusion injury
oxidative stress or accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals
induced injury
chemical injury
Cell injury: ATP depletion -Answer:-loss of mitochondrial ATP and
decreased ATP synthesis
results include:
cellular swelling
, decreased protein synthesis
decreased membrane transport
lipogenesis
all changes that contribute to loss of integrity of the plasma
membrane
Cell injury: Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals -Answer:-lack
of oxygen is key in progression of cell injury in ischemia (reduced
blood supply)
activated oxygen species (free radicals) cause destruction of cell
membranes and cell structure
Cell Injury: Intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state -
Answer:-Normally intracellular cytosolic calcium concentrations are
very low; ischemia and certain chemicals can cause an increase in
cytosolic Ca concentrations
sustained levels of Ca continue to increase with damage to plasma
membrane
Ca causes intracellular damage by activating enzymes
And Final Exam Actual Questions With
Verified Correct Answers
Metaplasia -Answer:-reversible replacement of one mature cell type
(epithelial or mesenchymal) by another, sometimes less
differentiated, cell type.
Cause of metaplasia -Answer:-develops from reprogramming of
stem cells. Found in association with tissue damage, repair, and
regeneration.
pathophysiology of metaplasia -Answer:-Adaptive replacement cell
may be more suitable to the changed conditions in the surrounding
environment. Ex. GERD damages squamous epithelium of the
esophagus, cells are replaced by glandular epithelium which may
tolerate the acid better. Not always beneficial. Ex. Smoking causes
changes in bronchi cells, which don't have cilia or secrete mucus,
causing loss of protective mechanism.
,What is the significance of metaplasia -Answer:-Can be reversed if
stimulus is removed. If continues, can cause malignant
transformation.
Dysplasia -Answer:-abnormal changes in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells. mostly found in epithelia
Significance of dysplasia -Answer:-can be reversed if it does not
involve the entire epithelium. When dysplastic changes penetrate
the basement membrane it is considered a preinvasive neoplasm
(carcinoma in situ)
mechanisms of cell injury -Answer:-ATP depletion, mitochondrial
damage, accumulation of oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
membrane damage
protein folding defects
DNA damage defects
calcium level alterations
,reperfusion injury -Answer:-injury to tissue that occurs after blood
flow is restored
restoration of needed oxygen is accompanied by oxidative stress
with the generation of toxic oxygen radicals which damage cellular
membranes and mitochndria
What helps reperfusion injury? -Answer:-antioxidants and anti-
inflammatory drugs
examples of cell injury -Answer:-ischemic and hypoxic injury
ischemia-reperfusion injury
oxidative stress or accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals
induced injury
chemical injury
Cell injury: ATP depletion -Answer:-loss of mitochondrial ATP and
decreased ATP synthesis
results include:
cellular swelling
, decreased protein synthesis
decreased membrane transport
lipogenesis
all changes that contribute to loss of integrity of the plasma
membrane
Cell injury: Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals -Answer:-lack
of oxygen is key in progression of cell injury in ischemia (reduced
blood supply)
activated oxygen species (free radicals) cause destruction of cell
membranes and cell structure
Cell Injury: Intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state -
Answer:-Normally intracellular cytosolic calcium concentrations are
very low; ischemia and certain chemicals can cause an increase in
cytosolic Ca concentrations
sustained levels of Ca continue to increase with damage to plasma
membrane
Ca causes intracellular damage by activating enzymes
