NURS6501 / NURS 6501: Advanced
Pathophysiology Final Exam Version 1
(Latest ) Walden University
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size without
cell division?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Metaplasia
d) Dysplasia
b) Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy refers to the increase in the size of cells, resulting in an enlarged
tissue or organ, without an increase in cell number.
2. Which mechanism primarily causes tissue damage in ischemic injury?
a) Free radical formation
b) ATP depletion
c) Calcium overload
d) Increased anaerobic metabolism
b) ATP depletion
Ischemic injury causes ATP depletion due to lack of oxygen, leading to failure of
energy-dependent cellular functions and cell damage.
3. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
,a) Uncontrolled cell death due to injury
b) Programmed cell death that is energy dependent
c) Necrotic cell death caused by inflammation
d) Cell death due to infection
b) Programmed cell death that is energy dependent
Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process leading to orderly cell death
without eliciting inflammation.
4. In the context of inflammation, what is the primary function of neutrophils?
a) Antibody production
b) Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris
c) Release of histamine
d) Activation of the complement system
b) Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris
Neutrophils are the first responders that engulf and destroy pathogens and
necrotic debris during acute inflammation.
5. Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) M phase
b) S phase
During the S (synthesis) phase, DNA replication occurs to prepare for cell division.
6. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis infections?
,a) Liquefactive necrosis
b) Coagulative necrosis
c) Caseous necrosis
d) Fat necrosis
c) Caseous necrosis
Caseous necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis and appears cheese-like grossly
due to cellular debris.
7. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of calcium
homeostasis by increasing serum calcium?
a) Calcitonin
b) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
c) Vitamin D
d) Aldosterone
b) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH increases serum calcium by stimulating bone resorption, increasing intestinal
absorption, and renal reabsorption.
8. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac arrhythmias?
a) Hyponatremia
b) Hyperkalemia
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Hypermagnesemia
, b) Hyperkalemia
Elevated potassium levels disrupt cardiac conduction and can lead to life-
threatening arrhythmias.
9. Which of the following best describes insulin resistance?
a) Increased insulin secretion from the pancreas
b) Decreased cellular response to insulin despite normal or increased levels
c) Complete lack of insulin production
d) Excessive uptake of glucose by cells
b) Decreased cellular response to insulin despite normal or increased levels
Insulin resistance is when cells do not respond properly to insulin, causing
impaired glucose uptake.
10.What is the primary pathological feature of emphysema?
a) Excess mucus production
b) Destruction of alveolar walls
c) Bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy
d) Inflammation of pleura
b) Destruction of alveolar walls
Emphysema involves irreversible destruction of alveolar septa leading to
decreased surface area for gas exchange.
11.Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex
deposition?
a) Type I
b) Type II
Pathophysiology Final Exam Version 1
(Latest ) Walden University
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size without
cell division?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Metaplasia
d) Dysplasia
b) Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy refers to the increase in the size of cells, resulting in an enlarged
tissue or organ, without an increase in cell number.
2. Which mechanism primarily causes tissue damage in ischemic injury?
a) Free radical formation
b) ATP depletion
c) Calcium overload
d) Increased anaerobic metabolism
b) ATP depletion
Ischemic injury causes ATP depletion due to lack of oxygen, leading to failure of
energy-dependent cellular functions and cell damage.
3. Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
,a) Uncontrolled cell death due to injury
b) Programmed cell death that is energy dependent
c) Necrotic cell death caused by inflammation
d) Cell death due to infection
b) Programmed cell death that is energy dependent
Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process leading to orderly cell death
without eliciting inflammation.
4. In the context of inflammation, what is the primary function of neutrophils?
a) Antibody production
b) Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris
c) Release of histamine
d) Activation of the complement system
b) Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris
Neutrophils are the first responders that engulf and destroy pathogens and
necrotic debris during acute inflammation.
5. Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) M phase
b) S phase
During the S (synthesis) phase, DNA replication occurs to prepare for cell division.
6. Which type of necrosis is typically associated with tuberculosis infections?
,a) Liquefactive necrosis
b) Coagulative necrosis
c) Caseous necrosis
d) Fat necrosis
c) Caseous necrosis
Caseous necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis and appears cheese-like grossly
due to cellular debris.
7. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of calcium
homeostasis by increasing serum calcium?
a) Calcitonin
b) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
c) Vitamin D
d) Aldosterone
b) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH increases serum calcium by stimulating bone resorption, increasing intestinal
absorption, and renal reabsorption.
8. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac arrhythmias?
a) Hyponatremia
b) Hyperkalemia
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Hypermagnesemia
, b) Hyperkalemia
Elevated potassium levels disrupt cardiac conduction and can lead to life-
threatening arrhythmias.
9. Which of the following best describes insulin resistance?
a) Increased insulin secretion from the pancreas
b) Decreased cellular response to insulin despite normal or increased levels
c) Complete lack of insulin production
d) Excessive uptake of glucose by cells
b) Decreased cellular response to insulin despite normal or increased levels
Insulin resistance is when cells do not respond properly to insulin, causing
impaired glucose uptake.
10.What is the primary pathological feature of emphysema?
a) Excess mucus production
b) Destruction of alveolar walls
c) Bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy
d) Inflammation of pleura
b) Destruction of alveolar walls
Emphysema involves irreversible destruction of alveolar septa leading to
decreased surface area for gas exchange.
11.Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves immune complex
deposition?
a) Type I
b) Type II
