NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 questions
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with answers
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What is gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Inflammation of the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and irritated
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What are the causes of gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
|/ |/ |/ |/
What is GERD? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the back flow of gastric
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
contents into the esophagus through the lower esophageal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
stomach acid that comes up.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What are the causes of GERD? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Any
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
condition or agent that alters closure of the lower esophageal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine,
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
features like hiatal hernia
|/ |/ |/ |/
What are complications of GERD? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces normal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as cough,
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
,What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? -
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔epigastric burning pain that is usually
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔clostridium difficile, exposure to long term
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? -
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
,How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? -
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔wearing appropriate PPE and washing
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
hands with soap and water only
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
tenderness, systemic signs of infection
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
How do we assess for appendicitis? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly button
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
pain, indicates positive appendicitis
|/ |/ |/ |/
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions, congenital
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestinal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas,
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
water and electrolytes in the bowel.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What is a functional bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
SNS stimulation.
|/ |/
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
twisting of the intestines, intussusception
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
, What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting,
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Explain what jaundice is? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔green- yellow
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
|/ |/ |/ |/
Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔eyes, skin, and mouth
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Explain what ascites is? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔pathological
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
with a parenthesis
|/ |/ |/
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What is another name for end stage liver disease? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔cirrhosis
|/ |/
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
with answers
|/ |/
What is gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Inflammation of the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and irritated
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What are the causes of gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
|/ |/ |/ |/
What is GERD? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the back flow of gastric
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
contents into the esophagus through the lower esophageal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
stomach acid that comes up.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What are the causes of GERD? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Any
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
condition or agent that alters closure of the lower esophageal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine,
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
features like hiatal hernia
|/ |/ |/ |/
What are complications of GERD? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces normal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as cough,
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
,What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? -
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔epigastric burning pain that is usually
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔clostridium difficile, exposure to long term
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? -
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
,How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? -
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔wearing appropriate PPE and washing
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
hands with soap and water only
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
tenderness, systemic signs of infection
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
How do we assess for appendicitis? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly button
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
pain, indicates positive appendicitis
|/ |/ |/ |/
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions, congenital
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestinal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas,
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
water and electrolytes in the bowel.
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What is a functional bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
SNS stimulation.
|/ |/
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
twisting of the intestines, intussusception
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
, What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting,
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Explain what jaundice is? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔green- yellow
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
|/ |/ |/ |/
Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔eyes, skin, and mouth
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
Explain what ascites is? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔pathological
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
with a parenthesis
|/ |/ |/
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - CORRECT ANSWERS
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/
✔✔neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
What is another name for end stage liver disease? - CORRECT
|/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/ |/
ANSWERS ✔✔cirrhosis
|/ |/
