Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 8th Edition All Chapters 1-28 Latest Complete Guide Graded A+ 100% Success

Test Bank for Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 8th Edition All Chapters 1-28 Latest Complete Guide Graded A+ 100% Success • The amount of energy (in joules) required to convert all the molecules in 1 mole of a reacting substance from the ground state to the transition state - ANS-Activation energy, Δ G † The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-requiring biosynthesis of cell components from smaller precursors - ANS-Anabolism One of the five kingdoms of living organisms; includes many species that thrive in extreme environments of high ionic strength, high temperature, or low pH - ANS-Archaebacteria One of the five kingdoms of living organisms. Eubacteria have a plasma membrane but no internal organelles or nucleus - ANS-Eubacteria The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-yielding degradation of nutrient molecules - ANS-Catabolism An atom with substituents arranged so that the molecule is not superimposable on its mirror image - ANS-Chiral center The spatial arrangement of an organic molecule that is conferred by the presence of either (1) double bonds, about which there is no freedom of rotation, or (2) chiral centers, around which substituent groups are arranged in a specific sequence. Configurational isomers cannot be interconverted without breaking one or more covalent bonds - ANS-Configuration The spatial arrangement of substituent groups that are free to assume different positions in space, without breaking any bonds, because of the freedom of bond rotation - ANS-Conformation The filamentous network providing structure and organization to the cytoplasm; includes actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments - ANS-Cytoskeleton A chemical reaction that consumes energy (that is, for which delta G is positive) - ANS-Endergonic reaction The heat content of a system - ANS-Enthalpy, H The extent of randomness or disorder in a system - ANS-Entropy, S The state of a system in which no further net change is occurring; the free energy is at a minimum - ANS-Equilibrium A unicellular or multicellular organism with cells having a membrane-bounded nucleus, multiple chromosomes, and internal organelles - ANS-Eukaryote A chemical reaction that proceeds with the release of free energy (that is, for which delta G is negative) - ANS-Exergonic reaction The component of the total energy of a system that can do work at constant temperature and pressure - ANS-Free-energy change, Δ G All the genetic information encoded in a cell or virus - ANS-Genome The entire set of enzyme-catalyzed transformations of organic molecules in living cells; the sum of anabolism and catabolism - ANS-Metabolism A chemical intermediate in the enzyme-catalyzed reactions of metabolism - ANS-Metabolite An inheritable change in the nucleotide sequence of a chromosome - ANS-Mutation In eukaryotes, a membrane-bounded organelle that contains chromosomes - ANS-Nucleus A bacterium; a unicellular organism with a single chromosome, no nuclear envelope, and no membrane-bounded organelles - ANS-Prokaryote The free-energy change for a reaction occurring under a set of standard conditions: temperature, 298K, pressure 1 atm, and all solutes at 1M concentration - ANS-Standard free-energy change, Δ G ⁰ Compounds that have the same composition and the same order of atomic connections, but different molecular arrangements - ANS-Stereoisomers Biology-based inter-disciplinary study field that focuses on the systematic study of complex interactions in biological systems, thus using a new perspective (holism versus reductionism) to study them. - ANS-Systems biology Containing both polar and nonpolar domains - ANS-amphipathic The energy required to break a bond - ANS-bond energy A system capable of resisting changes in pH, consisting of a conjugate acid-base pair in which the ratio of proton acceptor to proton donor is near unity - ANS-buffer