WGU D312 Anatomy and
Physiology 1 FINAL EXAM PREP
2025/2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ACCURATE
ANSWERS || 100% ENDORSED
PASS<LATEST VERSION>
1. Variables - ANSWER✓ Parameters that are monitored and controlled or
affected by the feedback system
2. Receptors or sensors - ANSWER✓ Detect changes in the variable
3. Control centers or integrators - ANSWER✓ Compare the variable in relation
to a set point and signal the effectors to generate a response. These centers
, sometimes consider info other than just the level of variable in decision
making, such as time of day, age, external conditions, etc.
4. Effectors - ANSWER✓ Execute the necessary changes to adjust the variable
5. Methods of communication - ANSWER✓ Components of the feedback loop
that are necessary in order for it to function. This often occurs through
nerves or hormones. In some cases the receptors and control centers are the
same structures so there is no need for these signaling modes in that part of
the loop
6. Feedback cycle - ANSWER✓ Any situation in which a variable is regulated
and the level of the variable impacts the direction in which the variable
changes (i.e. increases or decreases) even if there is not clearly identified
loop components
7. Stimulus - ANSWER✓ Change in the environment
8. Set point - ANSWER✓ Ideal level of homeostasis
9. Positive feedback loop - ANSWER✓ Change in a given direction causes
additional change in the same direction. An example is contractions during
labor which amplify over time until the birth.
10. Negative feedback loop - ANSWER✓ Change in a given direction causes
change in the opposite direction. An example is the way our body helps
maintain normal body temperature.
11. Pituitary gland - ANSWER✓ Controls the release of hormones from many
other endocrine glands
12. Parathyroid hormone - ANSWER✓ Secreted by the parathyroid gland when
blood calcium is low. The hormone causes effector organs I.e. kidney and
bones to respond. The kidneys prevent calcium from being excreted in the
urine. Osteoclasts in bones break down bone tissue and release calcium.
,13. Organ system - ANSWER✓ Integrated collection of organs in the body that
work together to perform a function. Organ systems contribute to at least 1
of 4 vital functions of life.
14. Four vital functions of life - ANSWER✓ 1) exchange with the environment
2) transport fluid and materials throughout the body 3) provide structure,
support, protection and movement 4) regulate and control processes
15. Exchange with environment - ANSWER✓ To sustain life, body must take in
oxygen and nutrients and release carbon dioxide and other wastes into the
environment. The respiratory and digestive systems are the primary organ
systems that provide these exchange functions.
16. Fluid transport - ANSWER✓ Distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells. It is
the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems (made up of vessels) that provide
this delivery. Urinary system also helps regulate the level of fluids in other
systems as well as removes waste (also plays a role in exchange with
environment)
17. Structure, support, protection and movement - ANSWER✓ These systems
include integumentary system (skin is main organ), skeletal system and the
muscular system
18. Control and regulation - ANSWER✓ Nervous and endocrine systems are
main systems that provide communication and control among the body's
organs and tissues.
19. Digestive system - ANSWER✓ Organs of digestive tract extend in a roughly
superior to inferior direction from mouth to anus in the following order:
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus
20. Stomach - ANSWER✓ Muscular sac which contains glands that secrete
enzymes and acids that break down food.
21. Pia mater - ANSWER✓ is a thin membrane that hugs the brain.
22. Meningitis - ANSWER✓ Inflammation of the meninges caused by infection
and is extremely severe since the swelling can damage the brain.
, 23. Cerebrospinal fluid CSF - ANSWER✓ is a clear, colorless liquid produced
by ependymal cells lining the ventricles, located primarily between the
arachnoid mater and the pia mater, also transports nutrients and wastes in the
central nervous system
24. Medulla oblongata - ANSWER✓ most inferior part of the brain, appears as a
thickening of the spinal cord. Many of the cranial nerves originate here,
controls many basic functions, including the cardiac center, vasomotor
center, respiratory centers, and involuntary functions like swallowing,
coughing, etc
25. Forebrain - ANSWER✓ actually in the center of the brain, most important
structures are the thalamus and hypothalamus. Thalamus is involved in the
relay of sensory signals. Hypothalamus controls of the endocrine system
26. Plexus - ANSWER✓ a network of neighboring spinal nerves that come
together in a tangled network adjacent to the spinal cord and from which
new nerves arise. Four main types are the cervical, brachial, lumbar and
sacral.
27. Posterior root of the nerve - ANSWER✓ carries afferent sensory information
into the spinal cord.
28. Anterior horn - ANSWER✓ contains the somatic motor neurons, and it
sends efferent signals from the spinal cord to the muscle cells it controls.
29. Lateral horn - ANSWER✓ only found in the thoracic and lumbar segments
of the cord, contains the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, which
is part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the "fight or flight"
responses
30. Gyri and sulci - ANSWER✓ Depressions and ridges of the brain folds.
31. Nerve fibers - ANSWER✓ groups of numerous axons of different neurons,
axons are grouped in fascicles and surrounded by connective tissue.
32. Olfactory nerve - ANSWER✓ sensory, smell
Physiology 1 FINAL EXAM PREP
2025/2026 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ACCURATE
ANSWERS || 100% ENDORSED
PASS<LATEST VERSION>
1. Variables - ANSWER✓ Parameters that are monitored and controlled or
affected by the feedback system
2. Receptors or sensors - ANSWER✓ Detect changes in the variable
3. Control centers or integrators - ANSWER✓ Compare the variable in relation
to a set point and signal the effectors to generate a response. These centers
, sometimes consider info other than just the level of variable in decision
making, such as time of day, age, external conditions, etc.
4. Effectors - ANSWER✓ Execute the necessary changes to adjust the variable
5. Methods of communication - ANSWER✓ Components of the feedback loop
that are necessary in order for it to function. This often occurs through
nerves or hormones. In some cases the receptors and control centers are the
same structures so there is no need for these signaling modes in that part of
the loop
6. Feedback cycle - ANSWER✓ Any situation in which a variable is regulated
and the level of the variable impacts the direction in which the variable
changes (i.e. increases or decreases) even if there is not clearly identified
loop components
7. Stimulus - ANSWER✓ Change in the environment
8. Set point - ANSWER✓ Ideal level of homeostasis
9. Positive feedback loop - ANSWER✓ Change in a given direction causes
additional change in the same direction. An example is contractions during
labor which amplify over time until the birth.
10. Negative feedback loop - ANSWER✓ Change in a given direction causes
change in the opposite direction. An example is the way our body helps
maintain normal body temperature.
11. Pituitary gland - ANSWER✓ Controls the release of hormones from many
other endocrine glands
12. Parathyroid hormone - ANSWER✓ Secreted by the parathyroid gland when
blood calcium is low. The hormone causes effector organs I.e. kidney and
bones to respond. The kidneys prevent calcium from being excreted in the
urine. Osteoclasts in bones break down bone tissue and release calcium.
,13. Organ system - ANSWER✓ Integrated collection of organs in the body that
work together to perform a function. Organ systems contribute to at least 1
of 4 vital functions of life.
14. Four vital functions of life - ANSWER✓ 1) exchange with the environment
2) transport fluid and materials throughout the body 3) provide structure,
support, protection and movement 4) regulate and control processes
15. Exchange with environment - ANSWER✓ To sustain life, body must take in
oxygen and nutrients and release carbon dioxide and other wastes into the
environment. The respiratory and digestive systems are the primary organ
systems that provide these exchange functions.
16. Fluid transport - ANSWER✓ Distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells. It is
the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems (made up of vessels) that provide
this delivery. Urinary system also helps regulate the level of fluids in other
systems as well as removes waste (also plays a role in exchange with
environment)
17. Structure, support, protection and movement - ANSWER✓ These systems
include integumentary system (skin is main organ), skeletal system and the
muscular system
18. Control and regulation - ANSWER✓ Nervous and endocrine systems are
main systems that provide communication and control among the body's
organs and tissues.
19. Digestive system - ANSWER✓ Organs of digestive tract extend in a roughly
superior to inferior direction from mouth to anus in the following order:
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus
20. Stomach - ANSWER✓ Muscular sac which contains glands that secrete
enzymes and acids that break down food.
21. Pia mater - ANSWER✓ is a thin membrane that hugs the brain.
22. Meningitis - ANSWER✓ Inflammation of the meninges caused by infection
and is extremely severe since the swelling can damage the brain.
, 23. Cerebrospinal fluid CSF - ANSWER✓ is a clear, colorless liquid produced
by ependymal cells lining the ventricles, located primarily between the
arachnoid mater and the pia mater, also transports nutrients and wastes in the
central nervous system
24. Medulla oblongata - ANSWER✓ most inferior part of the brain, appears as a
thickening of the spinal cord. Many of the cranial nerves originate here,
controls many basic functions, including the cardiac center, vasomotor
center, respiratory centers, and involuntary functions like swallowing,
coughing, etc
25. Forebrain - ANSWER✓ actually in the center of the brain, most important
structures are the thalamus and hypothalamus. Thalamus is involved in the
relay of sensory signals. Hypothalamus controls of the endocrine system
26. Plexus - ANSWER✓ a network of neighboring spinal nerves that come
together in a tangled network adjacent to the spinal cord and from which
new nerves arise. Four main types are the cervical, brachial, lumbar and
sacral.
27. Posterior root of the nerve - ANSWER✓ carries afferent sensory information
into the spinal cord.
28. Anterior horn - ANSWER✓ contains the somatic motor neurons, and it
sends efferent signals from the spinal cord to the muscle cells it controls.
29. Lateral horn - ANSWER✓ only found in the thoracic and lumbar segments
of the cord, contains the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, which
is part of the autonomic nervous system that activates the "fight or flight"
responses
30. Gyri and sulci - ANSWER✓ Depressions and ridges of the brain folds.
31. Nerve fibers - ANSWER✓ groups of numerous axons of different neurons,
axons are grouped in fascicles and surrounded by connective tissue.
32. Olfactory nerve - ANSWER✓ sensory, smell
