A&P Final Exam QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS.
Atom, (element) - smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that
element; composed of protons, neutrons, & electrons
Molecule - particle consisting of 2 or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
Organelle - small cellular structures (ribosomes, mitochondria, & others) that perform specific
metabolic functions for the cell as a whole
Cell - structural unit of all living things
Tissue - a group of similar cells & their intercellular substance specialized to perform a specific
function; primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, & nervous tissue
Organ - a part of the body formed of 2 or more tissues & adapted to carry out a specific function
Organ System - a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function
Organism - the living animal (or plant), which represents the sum total of all its organ systems
working together to maintain life
Sagittal (mid & para) - a longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into
right & left portions
Frontal (coronal) - longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior &
posterior parts
Transverse - a plane running from right to left, dividing or an organ into superior & inferior parts
pH unit - the measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
ionic bond - chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms
Monosaccharide - literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose
Disaccharide - literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose
Buffer - chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding
hydrogen ions
covalent bond - chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms
, Polysaccharide - literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch,
glycogen
Glycerol - a modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol); a building block of fats
Acid - a substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution; a proton donor
hydrogen bond - weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between 2 electron-hungry
atoms; an important intramolecular bond
fatty acid - linear chains of carbon & hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid
group at 1 end; a constituent of fat
nucleic acids - class of organic molecules that includes DNA & RNA
Base - a substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor
Anion - an ion carrying 1 or more negative charges & therefore attracted to a positive pole
Organic - pertaining to carbon-containing molecules, such as proteins, fats, & carbohydrates
Inorganic compound - chemical substances that do not contain carbon, including water, salts, &
many acids & bases
Cation - an ion with a positive charge
Atomic number - the number of protons in an atom
Atomic weight - the average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element
Salt - ionic compounds that dissolve in water & act as electrolytes
Isotope - different atomic forms of the same element, vary only in the number of neutrons they
contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive
valence shell - outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that contains electrons
Denaturation - proteins unable to perform usual function because of extremes of temperature or
pH
Protein - complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, & nitrogen; composes 10-
30% of cell mass
Parietal pericardium - lines pericardial cavity
visceral pericardium - covers heart
Atom, (element) - smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that
element; composed of protons, neutrons, & electrons
Molecule - particle consisting of 2 or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
Organelle - small cellular structures (ribosomes, mitochondria, & others) that perform specific
metabolic functions for the cell as a whole
Cell - structural unit of all living things
Tissue - a group of similar cells & their intercellular substance specialized to perform a specific
function; primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, & nervous tissue
Organ - a part of the body formed of 2 or more tissues & adapted to carry out a specific function
Organ System - a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function
Organism - the living animal (or plant), which represents the sum total of all its organ systems
working together to maintain life
Sagittal (mid & para) - a longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into
right & left portions
Frontal (coronal) - longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior &
posterior parts
Transverse - a plane running from right to left, dividing or an organ into superior & inferior parts
pH unit - the measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
ionic bond - chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms
Monosaccharide - literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose
Disaccharide - literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose
Buffer - chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding
hydrogen ions
covalent bond - chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms
, Polysaccharide - literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch,
glycogen
Glycerol - a modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol); a building block of fats
Acid - a substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution; a proton donor
hydrogen bond - weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between 2 electron-hungry
atoms; an important intramolecular bond
fatty acid - linear chains of carbon & hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid
group at 1 end; a constituent of fat
nucleic acids - class of organic molecules that includes DNA & RNA
Base - a substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor
Anion - an ion carrying 1 or more negative charges & therefore attracted to a positive pole
Organic - pertaining to carbon-containing molecules, such as proteins, fats, & carbohydrates
Inorganic compound - chemical substances that do not contain carbon, including water, salts, &
many acids & bases
Cation - an ion with a positive charge
Atomic number - the number of protons in an atom
Atomic weight - the average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element
Salt - ionic compounds that dissolve in water & act as electrolytes
Isotope - different atomic forms of the same element, vary only in the number of neutrons they
contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive
valence shell - outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that contains electrons
Denaturation - proteins unable to perform usual function because of extremes of temperature or
pH
Protein - complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, & nitrogen; composes 10-
30% of cell mass
Parietal pericardium - lines pericardial cavity
visceral pericardium - covers heart
