Topic/spec points:
7.1 Know the way in which muscles, tendons, the skeleton and ligaments interact to enable movement,
including antagonistic muscle pairs, extensors and flexors.
7.2 Understand the process of contraction of skeletal muscle in terms of the sliding filament theory, including
the role of actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, calcium ions (Ca2+), ATP and ATPase.
Questions/Keywords/ Notes / diagrams:
definitions:
(Linked to 7.10)
On a diagram of a joint,
identify the following:
tendon, ligament,
cartilage, bone
Explain what is meant by
antagonistic muscles
Describe the role of
ligaments and tendons
Identify a sarcomere as
the unit of muscle
contraction in skeletal and
cardiac muscles; the
segment between two Z
lines, consisting of actin
(thin) and myosin (thick)
filaments.
Describe the change in
appearance of a
sarcomere during muscle
contraction.
Describe the interaction
between myosin and actin
during muscle contraction
(sliding filament theory)
Explain the role of
troponin, tropomyosin,
calcium ions, ATP and
ATPase in muscle
contraction.
Summary:
,Topic/spec points:
7.3 i) Understand the overall reaction of aerobic respiration as splitting of the respiratory substrate (e.g.
glucose) to release carbon dioxide as a waste product and reuniting of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen
with the release of a large amount of energy.
ii) Understand that respiration is a many-stepped process with each step controlled and catalysed by a
specific intracellular enzyme.
Questions/Keywords/ Notes / diagrams:
definitions:
Recall the equation for
aerobic respiration,
understanding that this is
not a single reaction but a
series of distinct
reactions.
Recall the structure of
ATP and ADP, and the
hydrolysis and
condensation
(phosphorylation)
reactions they are
involved in.
Recall that the hydrolysis
of ATP releases energy
for a range of biochemical
processes.
Understand that this and
other reactions require
enzymes (to lower
activation energy) and in
respiration a different
enzyme is required for
each reaction.
Recall the structure of a
mitochondria, including
inner and outer
membranes, matrix,
cristae).
Summary:
, Topic/spec points:
7.4 Understand the roles of glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration, including the phosphorylation of
hexoses, the production of ATP, reduced coenzyme, pyruvate and lactate (details of intermediate stages and
compounds are not required).
7.5 Understand the role of the link reaction and the Krebs cycle in the complete oxidation of glucose and
formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ATP, reduced NAD and reduced FAD (names of other compounds are
not required) and why these steps take place in the mitochondria, unlike glycolysis which occurs in the
cytoplasm.
Questions/Keywords/ Notes / diagrams:
definitions:
Recall the reactions and
location of glycolysis,
including the
phosphorylation of
glucose and the splitting
of this molecule into two
molecules of pyruvate.
Recall that this produces
reduced NAD (NADH)
and a small amount of
ATP.
Recall that glycolysis is
the method of ATP
production in anaerobic
respiration (with the
conversion of pyruvate to
lactate in order to oxidise
NADH)
Recall the location,
reactants and products of
the link reaction
(converting pyruvate into
acetyl coenzyme A).
Recall the location,
reactants and products of
the Krebs Cycle
(decarboxylation,
reduction of NAD and
FAD, ATP).
Explain the cyclic nature
of these reactions (2C
molecule from link
reaction joining 4C
molecule, losing 2
carbons, etc.)
Summary:
7.1 Know the way in which muscles, tendons, the skeleton and ligaments interact to enable movement,
including antagonistic muscle pairs, extensors and flexors.
7.2 Understand the process of contraction of skeletal muscle in terms of the sliding filament theory, including
the role of actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, calcium ions (Ca2+), ATP and ATPase.
Questions/Keywords/ Notes / diagrams:
definitions:
(Linked to 7.10)
On a diagram of a joint,
identify the following:
tendon, ligament,
cartilage, bone
Explain what is meant by
antagonistic muscles
Describe the role of
ligaments and tendons
Identify a sarcomere as
the unit of muscle
contraction in skeletal and
cardiac muscles; the
segment between two Z
lines, consisting of actin
(thin) and myosin (thick)
filaments.
Describe the change in
appearance of a
sarcomere during muscle
contraction.
Describe the interaction
between myosin and actin
during muscle contraction
(sliding filament theory)
Explain the role of
troponin, tropomyosin,
calcium ions, ATP and
ATPase in muscle
contraction.
Summary:
,Topic/spec points:
7.3 i) Understand the overall reaction of aerobic respiration as splitting of the respiratory substrate (e.g.
glucose) to release carbon dioxide as a waste product and reuniting of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen
with the release of a large amount of energy.
ii) Understand that respiration is a many-stepped process with each step controlled and catalysed by a
specific intracellular enzyme.
Questions/Keywords/ Notes / diagrams:
definitions:
Recall the equation for
aerobic respiration,
understanding that this is
not a single reaction but a
series of distinct
reactions.
Recall the structure of
ATP and ADP, and the
hydrolysis and
condensation
(phosphorylation)
reactions they are
involved in.
Recall that the hydrolysis
of ATP releases energy
for a range of biochemical
processes.
Understand that this and
other reactions require
enzymes (to lower
activation energy) and in
respiration a different
enzyme is required for
each reaction.
Recall the structure of a
mitochondria, including
inner and outer
membranes, matrix,
cristae).
Summary:
, Topic/spec points:
7.4 Understand the roles of glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration, including the phosphorylation of
hexoses, the production of ATP, reduced coenzyme, pyruvate and lactate (details of intermediate stages and
compounds are not required).
7.5 Understand the role of the link reaction and the Krebs cycle in the complete oxidation of glucose and
formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ATP, reduced NAD and reduced FAD (names of other compounds are
not required) and why these steps take place in the mitochondria, unlike glycolysis which occurs in the
cytoplasm.
Questions/Keywords/ Notes / diagrams:
definitions:
Recall the reactions and
location of glycolysis,
including the
phosphorylation of
glucose and the splitting
of this molecule into two
molecules of pyruvate.
Recall that this produces
reduced NAD (NADH)
and a small amount of
ATP.
Recall that glycolysis is
the method of ATP
production in anaerobic
respiration (with the
conversion of pyruvate to
lactate in order to oxidise
NADH)
Recall the location,
reactants and products of
the link reaction
(converting pyruvate into
acetyl coenzyme A).
Recall the location,
reactants and products of
the Krebs Cycle
(decarboxylation,
reduction of NAD and
FAD, ATP).
Explain the cyclic nature
of these reactions (2C
molecule from link
reaction joining 4C
molecule, losing 2
carbons, etc.)
Summary:
