,The Complete Clinical Pathophysiology QBank:
880+ Exam-Style Questions by Chapter
Contents
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: The Cell
1. Cellular Biology
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases
3. Epigenetics and Disease
4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
7. Adaptive Immunity
8. Alterations in Immunity NEW
9. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
10. Stress and Disease
Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
11. Biology of Cancer
12. Cancer Epidemiology
13. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES
Unit 4: The Neurologic System
14. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
15. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
16. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
17. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
18. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit 5: The Endocrine System
19. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
20. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
21. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW
Unit 6: The Hematologic System
22. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
23. Alterations of Hematologic Function
24. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
25. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
,26. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
27. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit 8: The Pulmonary System
28. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
29. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
30. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems
31. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
32. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
33. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems
34. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
35. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
36. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Unit 11: The Digestive System
37. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
38. Alterations of Digestive Function
39. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
40. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
41. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
42. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
43. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
44. Alterations of the Integument in Children
,1. Which feature distinguishes prokaryotic cells from
eukaryotic cells?
A. Presence of membrane-bound organelles
B. Presence of a plasma membrane
C. Containing ribosomes
D. Having a cell wall
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles (e.g.,
nucleus, mitochondria), whereas prokaryotes do not. Both have
plasma membranes, ribosomes, and often cell walls.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
2. In which way do most eukaryotic cells differ from
prokaryotic cells?
A. Eukaryotes have circular DNA; prokaryotes have linear DNA
B. Eukaryotes carry out transcription and translation
concurrently
C. Eukaryotes possess histones associated with DNA
D. Eukaryotic cell division occurs by binary fission
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Eukaryotic DNA is wrapped around histone proteins;
prokaryotes lack histones. Transcription and translation are
separated in eukaryotes, and prokaryotes use binary fission.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. Which statement about ribosomes is correct?
A. They are membrane-bound in prokaryotes
B. They synthesize proteins by reading mRNA
,C. Eukaryotic ribosomes are 50S and 30S subunits
D. They are involved in lipid synthesis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ribosomes translate mRNA into polypeptides. They
are not membrane-bound; prokaryotic subunits are 50S/30S,
eukaryotic 60S/40S.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
4. Which organelle is thought to have evolved from an
ancestral prokaryote via endosymbiosis?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and
double membrane, suggesting endosymbiotic origin.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
5. Which cellular function is primarily responsible for
maintaining intracellular ion concentrations?
A. Protein synthesis
B. Passive diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Active transport uses energy to move ions against
,their concentration gradients, critical for homeostasis.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
6. The process of phagocytosis is an example of which cellular
function?
A. Cellular respiration
B. Endocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Osmosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis where cells
engulf large particles into vesicles.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
7. Which process generates most of the ATP used by
eukaryotic cells?
A. Glycolysis
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Fermentation
D. Pentose phosphate pathway
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria yields
the majority of ATP during aerobic metabolism.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
8. What is the primary role of cellular differentiation?
A. Energy production
B. Immune defense
C. Specialization of function
,D. DNA replication
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Differentiation enables cells to perform specialized
functions necessary for multicellular organisms.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
9. Which lipid component provides fluidity to the plasma
membrane?
A. Phospholipids
B. Glycoproteins
C. Cholesterol
D. Glycolipids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cholesterol intercalates between phospholipids,
modulating membrane fluidity and stability.
Section Reference: 1.3 Structure and Function of Cellular
Components
10. Where are secretory proteins glycosylated within the cell?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Cytosol
C. Nucleus
D. Peroxisome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Glycosylation of proteins destined for secretion
occurs in the lumen of the rough ER.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Endoplasmic Reticulum
,11. Which organelle contains oxidase enzymes for
detoxification?
A. Peroxisome
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peroxisomes contain oxidases that metabolize
hydrogen peroxide and detoxify various molecules.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
12. What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum?
A. ATP synthesis
B. Lipid synthesis and detoxification
C. Protein translation
D. DNA replication
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies
drugs and chemicals.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Endoplasmic Reticulum
13. Which structure forms the spindle fibers during mitosis?
A. Centrioles
B. Ribosomes
C. Golgi vesicles
D. Microvilli
Correct Answer: A
,Rationale: Centrioles organize microtubules to form the mitotic
spindle, essential for chromosome segregation.
Section Reference: 1.3.3 Cytoskeleton
14. Which cytoskeletal component provides tensile strength
and maintains cell shape?
A. Microtubules
B. Microfilaments
C. Intermediate filaments
D. Actin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Intermediate filaments resist mechanical stress and
maintain cell integrity.
Section Reference: 1.3.3 Cytoskeleton
15. Which organelle tags proteins for sorting and secretion?
A. Mitochondrion
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Lysosome
D. Peroxisome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Golgi modifies and sorts proteins, adding tags
(e.g., mannose-6-phosphate) for targeted delivery.
Section Reference: 1.3.4 Golgi Complex
16. Which mitochondrial membrane houses the electron
transport chain?
A. Outer membrane
B. Matrix
, C. Cristae (inner membrane folds)
D. Intermembrane space
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
contains the complexes of the electron transport chain.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
17. Which adhesion molecule mediates tight junction
formation?
A. Integrin
B. Cadherin
C. Claudin
D. Selectin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Claudins are transmembrane proteins critical for
tight junction integrity and barrier function.
Section Reference: 1.4 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
18. E-cadherin is primarily involved in which type of cell
adhesion?
A. Tight junctions
B. Adherens junctions
C. Gap junctions
D. Desmosomes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: E-cadherin facilitates adherens junctions by binding
880+ Exam-Style Questions by Chapter
Contents
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: The Cell
1. Cellular Biology
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases
3. Epigenetics and Disease
4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
7. Adaptive Immunity
8. Alterations in Immunity NEW
9. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
10. Stress and Disease
Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
11. Biology of Cancer
12. Cancer Epidemiology
13. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES
Unit 4: The Neurologic System
14. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
15. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
16. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
17. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
18. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit 5: The Endocrine System
19. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
20. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
21. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW
Unit 6: The Hematologic System
22. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
23. Alterations of Hematologic Function
24. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
25. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
,26. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
27. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit 8: The Pulmonary System
28. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
29. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
30. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems
31. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
32. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
33. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems
34. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
35. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
36. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Unit 11: The Digestive System
37. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
38. Alterations of Digestive Function
39. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
40. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
41. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
42. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
43. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
44. Alterations of the Integument in Children
,1. Which feature distinguishes prokaryotic cells from
eukaryotic cells?
A. Presence of membrane-bound organelles
B. Presence of a plasma membrane
C. Containing ribosomes
D. Having a cell wall
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles (e.g.,
nucleus, mitochondria), whereas prokaryotes do not. Both have
plasma membranes, ribosomes, and often cell walls.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
2. In which way do most eukaryotic cells differ from
prokaryotic cells?
A. Eukaryotes have circular DNA; prokaryotes have linear DNA
B. Eukaryotes carry out transcription and translation
concurrently
C. Eukaryotes possess histones associated with DNA
D. Eukaryotic cell division occurs by binary fission
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Eukaryotic DNA is wrapped around histone proteins;
prokaryotes lack histones. Transcription and translation are
separated in eukaryotes, and prokaryotes use binary fission.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. Which statement about ribosomes is correct?
A. They are membrane-bound in prokaryotes
B. They synthesize proteins by reading mRNA
,C. Eukaryotic ribosomes are 50S and 30S subunits
D. They are involved in lipid synthesis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ribosomes translate mRNA into polypeptides. They
are not membrane-bound; prokaryotic subunits are 50S/30S,
eukaryotic 60S/40S.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
4. Which organelle is thought to have evolved from an
ancestral prokaryote via endosymbiosis?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and
double membrane, suggesting endosymbiotic origin.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
5. Which cellular function is primarily responsible for
maintaining intracellular ion concentrations?
A. Protein synthesis
B. Passive diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Active transport uses energy to move ions against
,their concentration gradients, critical for homeostasis.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
6. The process of phagocytosis is an example of which cellular
function?
A. Cellular respiration
B. Endocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Osmosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis where cells
engulf large particles into vesicles.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
7. Which process generates most of the ATP used by
eukaryotic cells?
A. Glycolysis
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Fermentation
D. Pentose phosphate pathway
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria yields
the majority of ATP during aerobic metabolism.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
8. What is the primary role of cellular differentiation?
A. Energy production
B. Immune defense
C. Specialization of function
,D. DNA replication
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Differentiation enables cells to perform specialized
functions necessary for multicellular organisms.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
9. Which lipid component provides fluidity to the plasma
membrane?
A. Phospholipids
B. Glycoproteins
C. Cholesterol
D. Glycolipids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cholesterol intercalates between phospholipids,
modulating membrane fluidity and stability.
Section Reference: 1.3 Structure and Function of Cellular
Components
10. Where are secretory proteins glycosylated within the cell?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Cytosol
C. Nucleus
D. Peroxisome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Glycosylation of proteins destined for secretion
occurs in the lumen of the rough ER.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Endoplasmic Reticulum
,11. Which organelle contains oxidase enzymes for
detoxification?
A. Peroxisome
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peroxisomes contain oxidases that metabolize
hydrogen peroxide and detoxify various molecules.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
12. What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum?
A. ATP synthesis
B. Lipid synthesis and detoxification
C. Protein translation
D. DNA replication
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies
drugs and chemicals.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Endoplasmic Reticulum
13. Which structure forms the spindle fibers during mitosis?
A. Centrioles
B. Ribosomes
C. Golgi vesicles
D. Microvilli
Correct Answer: A
,Rationale: Centrioles organize microtubules to form the mitotic
spindle, essential for chromosome segregation.
Section Reference: 1.3.3 Cytoskeleton
14. Which cytoskeletal component provides tensile strength
and maintains cell shape?
A. Microtubules
B. Microfilaments
C. Intermediate filaments
D. Actin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Intermediate filaments resist mechanical stress and
maintain cell integrity.
Section Reference: 1.3.3 Cytoskeleton
15. Which organelle tags proteins for sorting and secretion?
A. Mitochondrion
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Lysosome
D. Peroxisome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Golgi modifies and sorts proteins, adding tags
(e.g., mannose-6-phosphate) for targeted delivery.
Section Reference: 1.3.4 Golgi Complex
16. Which mitochondrial membrane houses the electron
transport chain?
A. Outer membrane
B. Matrix
, C. Cristae (inner membrane folds)
D. Intermembrane space
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
contains the complexes of the electron transport chain.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
17. Which adhesion molecule mediates tight junction
formation?
A. Integrin
B. Cadherin
C. Claudin
D. Selectin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Claudins are transmembrane proteins critical for
tight junction integrity and barrier function.
Section Reference: 1.4 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
18. E-cadherin is primarily involved in which type of cell
adhesion?
A. Tight junctions
B. Adherens junctions
C. Gap junctions
D. Desmosomes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: E-cadherin facilitates adherens junctions by binding
