1
PPNC Midterm Questions and Correct
Answers
Question: Primary function of the cardiovascular system
Answer: Deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues
Return deoxygenated blood to the heart
Question: Arteries vs Arterioles
Answer: Arteries have thick elastic walls that allow them to contract
during cardiac contraction
Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries
Question: Arteries vs veins (what do they carry?)
Answer: Arteries carry oxygenated blood to the tissues
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs
Question: Arterial system characteristics
Answer: - high pressure
- thick-walled muscular vessels
- carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues
- arteries to arterioles to metarterioles to capillaries
Question: Capillary Bed
Answer: - oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the tissues
- cellular waste is removed
- capillary system is never full at the same time
- when pre-capillary sphincters are open - capillaries are filled with blood
Question: What valve is between the right atrium and the right
ventricle?
Pretest - Stuvia US
,2
Answer: tricuspid valve/ right AV valve
Question: What valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
Answer: mitral valve, or bicuspid, or left AV
Question: What is the sinoatrial node?
Answer: pacemaker
Question: Where is the pulmonary valve located?
Answer: between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Question: Where is the aortic valve located?
Answer: between the left ventricle and aorta
Question: Coronary arteries
Answer: the arteries that supply blood to the heart itself
Question: Where is the coronary sinus and when does it fill up? What
does it do?
Answer: - above the aortic valve
- fills during diastole
-receives blood from the coronary arteries and empties into the R atrium
of the heart
Question: barorecptors
Answer: located in the walls of heart and vessels - sensitive to pressure
changes
Question: What baroreceptors are important in regulation of heart rate
and vascular tone?
Answer: aortic arch and carotid artery
Pretest - Stuvia US
,3
Question: Chemoreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries
are sensitive to changes in:
Answer: - blood pH
- oxygen levels
- carbon dioxide levels
Question: What does the brain stem center integrate? (relating to the
heart)
Answer: feedback from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the body to
regulate cardiac function and blood pressure
Question: Factors that influence cardiac function in young and middle
adults
Answer: - Sedentary lifestyle, lack of aerobic exercise, and tobacco use
also contribute to cardiovascular disorders in this group.
- Crack cocaine and methamphetamine abuse can lead to sudden cardiac
failure.
- Family history of cardiovascular disease is yet another risk factor for this
age group.
- Lifestyle, stress, heredity, diet, exercise, obesity
Question: Environmental factors that affects cardiac function. How do
they affect cardiac function?
Answer: Stress!
Ex: allergic reactions and air quality- hypersensitivity that releases
inflammatory responses
altitude- O2 pressure falls with increased altitude, making oxygen more
available in the alveoli and tissues
heat and cold- heat causes vasodilation and increased
metabolism(increasing O2 demand), cold slows cell metabolism and
vasoconstriction
Question: Factors that influence cardiac function in the older adult
Answer: - Lower exercise tolerance
- Need more rest after exercise
Pretest - Stuvia US
, 4
- Are more prone to orthostatic hypotension
- Thicker and more rigid valves, decreased myocardial strength, lower
exercise tolerance, other health problems
Question: Examples of medications that are used to influence cardiac
function
Answer: Beta-adrenergic blocking agents: reduce workload of the heart,
controls abnormal rhythms, and control hypertension. Drugs that block
beta-1 receptors slow the heart rate and decrease strength of myocardial
contraction
Calcium channel blocking agents- block the flow of calcium into cells of
the heart and blood vessels, decrease BP and strength of contractions,
slow the heart rate, and dilate the arteries
Question: Lifestyles that influence cardiac function
Answer: - pregnancy - additional iron
- nutrition - high in saturated fats
- obesity - BMI above 30, increase risk of hypertension and
atherosclerosis
- exercise - improves circulation, metabolic commands
- tobacco use- stroke, PAD, heart disease
- substance abuse - chronic alcohol abuse leads to fatty tissue build up
around the heart
Question: What does the stress response do?
Answer: Releases catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system
=> increases heart rate and contractility, vasoconstriction, and increased
tendency of blood to clot
Question: Factors the influence the cardiac function of preschool/school-
age children
Answer: Growth, diet, obesity
Question: Factors the influence the cardiac function of adolescents
Answer: Substance use/abuse, diet, obesity
Pretest - Stuvia US
PPNC Midterm Questions and Correct
Answers
Question: Primary function of the cardiovascular system
Answer: Deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues
Return deoxygenated blood to the heart
Question: Arteries vs Arterioles
Answer: Arteries have thick elastic walls that allow them to contract
during cardiac contraction
Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries
Question: Arteries vs veins (what do they carry?)
Answer: Arteries carry oxygenated blood to the tissues
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs
Question: Arterial system characteristics
Answer: - high pressure
- thick-walled muscular vessels
- carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues
- arteries to arterioles to metarterioles to capillaries
Question: Capillary Bed
Answer: - oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the tissues
- cellular waste is removed
- capillary system is never full at the same time
- when pre-capillary sphincters are open - capillaries are filled with blood
Question: What valve is between the right atrium and the right
ventricle?
Pretest - Stuvia US
,2
Answer: tricuspid valve/ right AV valve
Question: What valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
Answer: mitral valve, or bicuspid, or left AV
Question: What is the sinoatrial node?
Answer: pacemaker
Question: Where is the pulmonary valve located?
Answer: between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Question: Where is the aortic valve located?
Answer: between the left ventricle and aorta
Question: Coronary arteries
Answer: the arteries that supply blood to the heart itself
Question: Where is the coronary sinus and when does it fill up? What
does it do?
Answer: - above the aortic valve
- fills during diastole
-receives blood from the coronary arteries and empties into the R atrium
of the heart
Question: barorecptors
Answer: located in the walls of heart and vessels - sensitive to pressure
changes
Question: What baroreceptors are important in regulation of heart rate
and vascular tone?
Answer: aortic arch and carotid artery
Pretest - Stuvia US
,3
Question: Chemoreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries
are sensitive to changes in:
Answer: - blood pH
- oxygen levels
- carbon dioxide levels
Question: What does the brain stem center integrate? (relating to the
heart)
Answer: feedback from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the body to
regulate cardiac function and blood pressure
Question: Factors that influence cardiac function in young and middle
adults
Answer: - Sedentary lifestyle, lack of aerobic exercise, and tobacco use
also contribute to cardiovascular disorders in this group.
- Crack cocaine and methamphetamine abuse can lead to sudden cardiac
failure.
- Family history of cardiovascular disease is yet another risk factor for this
age group.
- Lifestyle, stress, heredity, diet, exercise, obesity
Question: Environmental factors that affects cardiac function. How do
they affect cardiac function?
Answer: Stress!
Ex: allergic reactions and air quality- hypersensitivity that releases
inflammatory responses
altitude- O2 pressure falls with increased altitude, making oxygen more
available in the alveoli and tissues
heat and cold- heat causes vasodilation and increased
metabolism(increasing O2 demand), cold slows cell metabolism and
vasoconstriction
Question: Factors that influence cardiac function in the older adult
Answer: - Lower exercise tolerance
- Need more rest after exercise
Pretest - Stuvia US
, 4
- Are more prone to orthostatic hypotension
- Thicker and more rigid valves, decreased myocardial strength, lower
exercise tolerance, other health problems
Question: Examples of medications that are used to influence cardiac
function
Answer: Beta-adrenergic blocking agents: reduce workload of the heart,
controls abnormal rhythms, and control hypertension. Drugs that block
beta-1 receptors slow the heart rate and decrease strength of myocardial
contraction
Calcium channel blocking agents- block the flow of calcium into cells of
the heart and blood vessels, decrease BP and strength of contractions,
slow the heart rate, and dilate the arteries
Question: Lifestyles that influence cardiac function
Answer: - pregnancy - additional iron
- nutrition - high in saturated fats
- obesity - BMI above 30, increase risk of hypertension and
atherosclerosis
- exercise - improves circulation, metabolic commands
- tobacco use- stroke, PAD, heart disease
- substance abuse - chronic alcohol abuse leads to fatty tissue build up
around the heart
Question: What does the stress response do?
Answer: Releases catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system
=> increases heart rate and contractility, vasoconstriction, and increased
tendency of blood to clot
Question: Factors the influence the cardiac function of preschool/school-
age children
Answer: Growth, diet, obesity
Question: Factors the influence the cardiac function of adolescents
Answer: Substance use/abuse, diet, obesity
Pretest - Stuvia US
