BIOD331
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp pain
that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their skin is
clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long.
They have a history of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8.
Given the patient's past medical history and presentation, what is your initial
diagnosis? - ANSWERS-Kidney stones or renal calculi
A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp pain
that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their skin is
clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long.
They have a history of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8.
You suspect that the patient may have a kidney stone. What diagnostic test
would you run to confirm your diagnosis? - ANSWERS-In addition to the
urinalysis already run, a CT scan would be needed to confirm your diagnosis
and determine the size of the stone.
A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp pain
that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their skin is
clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long.
They have a history of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8.
A CT scan reveals that they have a kidney stone. What type of kidney stone
would suspect they have? What about their current presentation leads you to this
conclusion? - ANSWERS-The patient has a magnesium ammonium phosphate
stone given the elevated pH of their urine. These types of stones are the result of
a UTI caused by bacteria that contain urease.
,A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp pain
that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their skin is
clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long.
They have a history of UTIS. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8.
A CT scan reveals a renal calculi that is 7 mm in diameter. What is the best
treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning for this treatment plan. -
ANSWERS-It must be removed through ureteroscopic removal or
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, as it is greater than 5 mm in diameter. The
patient should be placed on antibiotics to treat the UTI, as well as medication
for pain management.
Risk factors for the development of peptic ulcer include each of the following
EXCEPT: - ANSWERS-Stress
Each of the following factors are associated with increased incidence of peptic
ulcer EXCEPT: - ANSWERS-Dietary history
Anne is a 48 y/o female who presents with excessive vaginal bleeding x 6
months. Her skin is pale, she reports feeling fatigued, and often craves a large
cup of Sonic crushed ice. A quick in-office H&H shows a hemoglobin of 9 and
hematocrit of 30%. Given the patient's past medical history and presentation,
what is your initial diagnosis? - ANSWERS-Anemia
What are rhythmic movements designed to propel the chyme along the small
intestine toward the large intestine? - ANSWERS-Peristaltic movements
Which GI hormone has strong growth hormone-releasing activity and stimulates
food intake and digestive function? - ANSWERS-Ghrelin
,Bill and Angela have brought their mom into your office today. They tell you
that their mom has experienced dementia for some time now, but they have not
been too concerned because, for the most part, she has been able to care for
herself, only needing assistance here and there for her daily activities. However,
recently things have changed. Her ability to recall recent events has drastically
decreased; she is experiencing difficulty with sleep; they've noticed some mood
changes, and the most alarming thing is that she has started to wander outside of
her home. They are concerned for her safety. Given the patient's presentation,
what is your initial diagnosis? - ANSWERS-Alzheimer's Disease
Bill and Angela have brought their mom into your office today. They tell you
that their mom has experienced dementia for some time now, but they have not
been too concerned because, for the most part, she has been able to care for
herself, only needing assistance here and there for her daily activities. However,
recently things have changed. Her ability to recall recent events has drastically
decreased; she is experiencing difficulty with sleep; they've noticed some mood
changes, and the most alarming thing is that she has started to wander outside of
her home. They are concerned for her safety. You suspect the patient has
Alzheimer's. What are the diagnostic criteria or processes for your suspected
diagnosis? - ANSWERS-A neurologic exam will determine if there are other
disease processes that may be causing symptoms such as Parkinson's disease,
hydrocephalus, small or large vessel strokes, or the presence of a tumor. The
Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) or the Mini-Cog test are standardized tests
used to determine whether someone has dementia and the severity of it. MRI
and CT scans are primarily used to eliminate other disease processes as a
diagnosis but can be used to measure levels of Aβ. As previously discussed,
higher levels of Aβ would indicate Alzheimer's disease as a diagnosis while
normal levels would suggest it is not the cause of the presenting dementia.
Bill and Angela have brought their mom into your office today. They tell you
that their mom has experienced dementia for some time now, but they have not
been too concerned because, for the most part, she has been able to care for
herself, only needing assistance here and there for her daily activities. However,
recently things have changed. Her ability to recall recent events has drastically
decreased; she is experiencing difficulty with sleep; they've noticed some mood
, changes, and the most alarming thing is that she has started to wander outside of
her home. They are concerned for her safety. You suspect the patient has
Alzheimer's. How would you stage the disease process this patient is
experiencing? What about her current presentation leads you to this conclusion?
- ANSWERS-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. Changes in sleep, changes in
mood, and wandering episodes are all characteristic of moderate Alzheimer's.
True/False: Anti-diarrheal medication can be used with all types of diarrhea -
ANSWERS-False
Anne is a 48 y/o female who presents with excessive vaginal bleeding x 6
months. Her skin is pale, she reports feeling fatigued, and often craves a large
cup of Sonic crushed ice. A quick in-office H&H shows a hemoglobin of 9 and
hematocrit of 30%. You suspect Anne may be anemic. What type of anemia do
you think she has, and what about her current presentation leads you to this
conclusion? - ANSWERS-Blood loss anemia or iron deficiency anemia. Vaginal
bleeding, pale skin, fatigue, and low H&H
Anne is a 48 y/o female who presents with excessive vaginal bleeding x 6
months. Her skin is pale, she reports feeling fatigued, and often craves a large
cup of Sonic crushed ice. A quick in-office H&H shows a hemoglobin of 9 and
hematocrit of 30%. You suspect Anne is anemic. What diagnostic test would
you run to confirm your diagnosis? What would her red blood cells look like on
the slide? (size and color) - ANSWERS-CBC with peripheral smear and ferritin
level. RBCs would appear microcytic and hypochromic.
Anne is a 48 y/o female who presents with excessive vaginal bleeding x 6
months. Her skin is pale, she reports feeling fatigued, and often craves a large
cup of Sonic crushed ice. A quick in-office H&H shows a hemoglobin of 9 and
hematocrit of 30%. She is given a diagnosis of blood loss or iron deficiency
anemia. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning.
- ANSWERS-If low ferritin, she would need iron supplementation. Also find the
cause of the bleeding and try to control.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp pain
that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their skin is
clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long.
They have a history of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8.
Given the patient's past medical history and presentation, what is your initial
diagnosis? - ANSWERS-Kidney stones or renal calculi
A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp pain
that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their skin is
clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long.
They have a history of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8.
You suspect that the patient may have a kidney stone. What diagnostic test
would you run to confirm your diagnosis? - ANSWERS-In addition to the
urinalysis already run, a CT scan would be needed to confirm your diagnosis
and determine the size of the stone.
A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp pain
that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their skin is
clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long.
They have a history of UTIs. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8.
A CT scan reveals that they have a kidney stone. What type of kidney stone
would suspect they have? What about their current presentation leads you to this
conclusion? - ANSWERS-The patient has a magnesium ammonium phosphate
stone given the elevated pH of their urine. These types of stones are the result of
a UTI caused by bacteria that contain urease.
,A patient presents to the emergency department with complaints of sharp pain
that comes in waves in the upper lateral quadrant of the abdomen. Their skin is
clammy, and they have been experiencing nausea and vomiting all day long.
They have a history of UTIS. Urinalysis reveals that the pH of their urine is 7.8.
A CT scan reveals a renal calculi that is 7 mm in diameter. What is the best
treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning for this treatment plan. -
ANSWERS-It must be removed through ureteroscopic removal or
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, as it is greater than 5 mm in diameter. The
patient should be placed on antibiotics to treat the UTI, as well as medication
for pain management.
Risk factors for the development of peptic ulcer include each of the following
EXCEPT: - ANSWERS-Stress
Each of the following factors are associated with increased incidence of peptic
ulcer EXCEPT: - ANSWERS-Dietary history
Anne is a 48 y/o female who presents with excessive vaginal bleeding x 6
months. Her skin is pale, she reports feeling fatigued, and often craves a large
cup of Sonic crushed ice. A quick in-office H&H shows a hemoglobin of 9 and
hematocrit of 30%. Given the patient's past medical history and presentation,
what is your initial diagnosis? - ANSWERS-Anemia
What are rhythmic movements designed to propel the chyme along the small
intestine toward the large intestine? - ANSWERS-Peristaltic movements
Which GI hormone has strong growth hormone-releasing activity and stimulates
food intake and digestive function? - ANSWERS-Ghrelin
,Bill and Angela have brought their mom into your office today. They tell you
that their mom has experienced dementia for some time now, but they have not
been too concerned because, for the most part, she has been able to care for
herself, only needing assistance here and there for her daily activities. However,
recently things have changed. Her ability to recall recent events has drastically
decreased; she is experiencing difficulty with sleep; they've noticed some mood
changes, and the most alarming thing is that she has started to wander outside of
her home. They are concerned for her safety. Given the patient's presentation,
what is your initial diagnosis? - ANSWERS-Alzheimer's Disease
Bill and Angela have brought their mom into your office today. They tell you
that their mom has experienced dementia for some time now, but they have not
been too concerned because, for the most part, she has been able to care for
herself, only needing assistance here and there for her daily activities. However,
recently things have changed. Her ability to recall recent events has drastically
decreased; she is experiencing difficulty with sleep; they've noticed some mood
changes, and the most alarming thing is that she has started to wander outside of
her home. They are concerned for her safety. You suspect the patient has
Alzheimer's. What are the diagnostic criteria or processes for your suspected
diagnosis? - ANSWERS-A neurologic exam will determine if there are other
disease processes that may be causing symptoms such as Parkinson's disease,
hydrocephalus, small or large vessel strokes, or the presence of a tumor. The
Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) or the Mini-Cog test are standardized tests
used to determine whether someone has dementia and the severity of it. MRI
and CT scans are primarily used to eliminate other disease processes as a
diagnosis but can be used to measure levels of Aβ. As previously discussed,
higher levels of Aβ would indicate Alzheimer's disease as a diagnosis while
normal levels would suggest it is not the cause of the presenting dementia.
Bill and Angela have brought their mom into your office today. They tell you
that their mom has experienced dementia for some time now, but they have not
been too concerned because, for the most part, she has been able to care for
herself, only needing assistance here and there for her daily activities. However,
recently things have changed. Her ability to recall recent events has drastically
decreased; she is experiencing difficulty with sleep; they've noticed some mood
, changes, and the most alarming thing is that she has started to wander outside of
her home. They are concerned for her safety. You suspect the patient has
Alzheimer's. How would you stage the disease process this patient is
experiencing? What about her current presentation leads you to this conclusion?
- ANSWERS-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. Changes in sleep, changes in
mood, and wandering episodes are all characteristic of moderate Alzheimer's.
True/False: Anti-diarrheal medication can be used with all types of diarrhea -
ANSWERS-False
Anne is a 48 y/o female who presents with excessive vaginal bleeding x 6
months. Her skin is pale, she reports feeling fatigued, and often craves a large
cup of Sonic crushed ice. A quick in-office H&H shows a hemoglobin of 9 and
hematocrit of 30%. You suspect Anne may be anemic. What type of anemia do
you think she has, and what about her current presentation leads you to this
conclusion? - ANSWERS-Blood loss anemia or iron deficiency anemia. Vaginal
bleeding, pale skin, fatigue, and low H&H
Anne is a 48 y/o female who presents with excessive vaginal bleeding x 6
months. Her skin is pale, she reports feeling fatigued, and often craves a large
cup of Sonic crushed ice. A quick in-office H&H shows a hemoglobin of 9 and
hematocrit of 30%. You suspect Anne is anemic. What diagnostic test would
you run to confirm your diagnosis? What would her red blood cells look like on
the slide? (size and color) - ANSWERS-CBC with peripheral smear and ferritin
level. RBCs would appear microcytic and hypochromic.
Anne is a 48 y/o female who presents with excessive vaginal bleeding x 6
months. Her skin is pale, she reports feeling fatigued, and often craves a large
cup of Sonic crushed ice. A quick in-office H&H shows a hemoglobin of 9 and
hematocrit of 30%. She is given a diagnosis of blood loss or iron deficiency
anemia. What is the best treatment plan for this patient? Explain your reasoning.
- ANSWERS-If low ferritin, she would need iron supplementation. Also find the
cause of the bleeding and try to control.
