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Summary

History of Economics Course Summary: An Essential Guide to Economic Thought and Development

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This summary explores the key developments in the history of economics, covering influential theories, major economists, and the evolution of economic thought. Designed to help students understand the historical context of economic ideas, this concise resource is perfect for exam preparation and coursework support. Enhance your knowledge of the history of economics with this valuable summary available on Stuvia!

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June 19, 2025
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History of economics


June 19, 2025




1

,Contents
1 lecture 1: Introduction and plan/ Pre-classical economics 6
1.1 What is history of economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Pre-classical economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 pre-classical economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 mercantilism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Physiocrats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Lecture 2: Adam Smith and Classical economics 10
2.1 Adam Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Smith’s the wealth of nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.1 labour theory of value in rocadro and beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2 Smith’s theory of wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.3 Classical theory of money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.4 key intuitions of the classical school: summing up . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 General normative and policy implicationss of the calssical political economy 13

3 Lecture 3: Socialist thought and Marx 14
3.1 Marx context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Main ideas of socialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Marx’s conceptual innovations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.1 Method (inspired by Hegel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.2 Science as practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.3 Historical materialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4 Marxian analysis of capitalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4.1 labour theory of value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4.2 Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4.3 Capital accumulation → falling rate of profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.5 Critiques of Marx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.5.1 Marx’s legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4 Lecture 4: Marginalism, Alfred Marshall & Neoclassical Economics 19
4.1 introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 utilitarianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.1 main tenets of marginalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.2 diminishing marginal utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 neoclassical economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3.1 General equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4 Marshall: the great synthesizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4.1 law of demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4.2 The role of time in Marshall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4.3 economies of scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23


2

,History of economics


5 Lecture 5: Society and the Economy: From the historical school and institution-
alism 25
5.1 summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6 Lecture 6: Debates over socialism, capitalism, and laissez-faire 29

7 Lecture 7: Macroeconomics and Keynes 31

8 Lecture 8: Experimental and behavioural economics 35

9 Lecture 9: The structure of modern economics 39

10 Knowledge clips 43
10.1 Invisible Hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10.2 value theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
10.3 say’s law (law of markets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10.4 Smith, Ricardo and Marx on profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
10.5 Animal spirits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
10.6 st. petersburg paradox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

11 Tutorial 1: Chapter 9, Dupont 49
11.1 questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

12 Tutorial 2 51

13 tutorial 3 52

14 tutorial 4 54
14.1 questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

15 tutorial 5 56

16 tutorial 6 58

17 super short summary pt. 1 60
17.1 Mercantilitsts (1500-1776) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
17.2 Physiocrats (1756-1776) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
17.3 Classical school- Hume (1711-1776) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
17.4 classical school - Adam Smith (1723-1790) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
17.5 classical school - Malthus (1766-1834) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
17.6 David Ricardo (1772- 1823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
17.7 Classical school - Jean Baptiste Say (1767-1832) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
17.8 Classical school - Bentham (1748-1832)(utilitarianism) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
17.9 Marginalist school - Forerunners (1871-...) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
17.10 Marginalist school - Jevons (1835-1882) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
17.11 marginalist school- Menger (1840-1921) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3

, History of economics


17.12 Mathematical Economics - Léon Walras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
17.13 Welfare econmics - Vilfredo Pareto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
17.14 neoclassical school - Marshall (1842-1924) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
17.15 German historical school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
17.16 German historical school - List (1789-1846) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
17.17 German historical school - Gustav Schmoller (1838-1917) . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
17.18 German historical school - Max Weber (1864-1920) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
17.19 institutional school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
17.20 institutionalist school - Thorstein Bunde Veblen (1857-1929) . . . . . . . . . . 80
17.21 Polanyi (economic anthropologist) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
17.22 socialism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
17.23 Socialism - Carl Marx (1818-1883) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

18 super short summary pt. 2 85
18.1 mathematical economics - Neumann (1903-19577) and morgenstern (1902-
1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
18.2 Mathematical economics - Hicks (1904-1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
18.3 Contributions of Keynesian school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
18.4 Chicago school - Gary S. Becker (1930-2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
18.5 Welfare economics - Von Mises (1881-1973) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
18.6 Welfare economics - Oscar Lange (1904-1965) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
18.7 Theories of economic growth and development - Schumpeter (1883-1950) . . 90
18.8 Keynesian school - Developments since Keynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
18.9 Chicago school - Milton Friedman (1912-2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
18.10 Keynesian school - Keynes (1883-1946) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
18.11 Behavioural economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94




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