Penn Foster Clinical Pathology 1
Function of the Kidney - answer-To conserve what is beneficial to the body
-to excrete waste
Nephron - answer Functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, renal tubule,
and collecting tubule.
Glomerular Filtration - answer-The first step in urine formation in which substances in
blood pass through the filtration membrane
-End results is ultra-filtrate
Renal Tubules - answer-Small tubes in the kidney where reabsorption takes place
-Consist of the proximal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted
tubules
Collecting tubules and collecting ducts - answer-Receive urine from distal convoluted
tubules
-determine final volume of urine and SG
4 methods of Urine Collection - answer Free catch
Bladder/manual expression
Catheterization
Cystocentesis
What happens to a urine sample after 30 minutes -1 hour? - answer-bacteria multiply
-cells breakdown
-casts my dissolve
-pH increases
-morphologic features degrade
-crystals may form or breakdown
What happens to a urine sample if refrigerated prolonged? - answer-Preserves the urine
for 6-12 hours
-crystals may form
-decreased in glucose and bili
-increased pH
-breakdown of casts and RBCs
-bacterial proliferation
What chemical preservation can be used for urine samples? - answer-formalin
-toluene
-thymol
, -phenol
The UA consists of what 3 parts - answer-physical exam
-chemical exam
-microscopic exam
Pollakuria - answerfrequent urination
Polyuria - answerincreased in daily urine volume
oliguria - answerdecrease in daily urine volume
anuria - answerno urine production
stanguria - answerslow and painful urination, straining
Normal urine output for dogs and cats - answer1-2ml/kg/hr urine output
Urine volume is influenced by: - answer-fluid intake
-external loses
-food intake
-physical activity
-environmental
-species
-animal size
Normal urine color - answerlight yellow to amber
Light vs. dark urine related to SG - answer-light=decreased SG
-dark=increased SG
What transparency of urine do horses and rabbits have? - answerCloudy normal urine
due to calcium carbonate crystals and mucus
Degrees of transparency/clarity in urine - answer-clear
-slightly cloudy
-cloudy or turbid
-milky
-flocculent
Causes of cloudy urine - answercells, casts, crystals, mucus, fat, bacteria
Reasons for Odors in urine - answer-Ammonia: contains bacteria that produce urease
-Ketones: sweet or fruity smell, or acetone smell
-Medications
Function of the Kidney - answer-To conserve what is beneficial to the body
-to excrete waste
Nephron - answer Functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, renal tubule,
and collecting tubule.
Glomerular Filtration - answer-The first step in urine formation in which substances in
blood pass through the filtration membrane
-End results is ultra-filtrate
Renal Tubules - answer-Small tubes in the kidney where reabsorption takes place
-Consist of the proximal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted
tubules
Collecting tubules and collecting ducts - answer-Receive urine from distal convoluted
tubules
-determine final volume of urine and SG
4 methods of Urine Collection - answer Free catch
Bladder/manual expression
Catheterization
Cystocentesis
What happens to a urine sample after 30 minutes -1 hour? - answer-bacteria multiply
-cells breakdown
-casts my dissolve
-pH increases
-morphologic features degrade
-crystals may form or breakdown
What happens to a urine sample if refrigerated prolonged? - answer-Preserves the urine
for 6-12 hours
-crystals may form
-decreased in glucose and bili
-increased pH
-breakdown of casts and RBCs
-bacterial proliferation
What chemical preservation can be used for urine samples? - answer-formalin
-toluene
-thymol
, -phenol
The UA consists of what 3 parts - answer-physical exam
-chemical exam
-microscopic exam
Pollakuria - answerfrequent urination
Polyuria - answerincreased in daily urine volume
oliguria - answerdecrease in daily urine volume
anuria - answerno urine production
stanguria - answerslow and painful urination, straining
Normal urine output for dogs and cats - answer1-2ml/kg/hr urine output
Urine volume is influenced by: - answer-fluid intake
-external loses
-food intake
-physical activity
-environmental
-species
-animal size
Normal urine color - answerlight yellow to amber
Light vs. dark urine related to SG - answer-light=decreased SG
-dark=increased SG
What transparency of urine do horses and rabbits have? - answerCloudy normal urine
due to calcium carbonate crystals and mucus
Degrees of transparency/clarity in urine - answer-clear
-slightly cloudy
-cloudy or turbid
-milky
-flocculent
Causes of cloudy urine - answercells, casts, crystals, mucus, fat, bacteria
Reasons for Odors in urine - answer-Ammonia: contains bacteria that produce urease
-Ketones: sweet or fruity smell, or acetone smell
-Medications
