3
* PLACEBO & NOCEBO EFFECTS * When it’s LOW, difficulty to…
- Expectations can amplify sensations (long-lasting effects) = key! - Understand healthcare provider/ info
- Nocebo ≠ placebo (=> same system, different outcome) - Comprehend written health info
- Induced: (do not compare bcs no experimental design, it’s the size effect that is indicated) - Navigate healthcare services/ insurance
Colloca et al., 2009 - Take control of personal health
• Conditioning (>) repeated cure + effect
• Social learning (>>) observe others’ reaction, <kids
• Verbal suggestion told it help/ hurt
1 * HEALTH LITERACY & ONLINE HEALTH INFORMATION *
PLASTICITY NOCICEPTIVE SYSTEM
HEALTH LITERACY ~ quality of health care
(How the nervous system adapts to pain over time)
In lab: Capsaicin: - = ability to understand, evaluate, and use health information.
- Tissue damage: Mechanical/ secondary hyperalgesia (pain sensitivity:
depending on the - Essential for informed decision-making:
touch/ pressure, mostly around due temporary changes nociceptive system)
amount => reduced/ • Medical treatment
- Plastic changes: long-lasting, but reversible
• ↑ Synaptic strength (pain signals) increased pain • Illness prevention
• ↑ NT released • Health promotion (e.g., vaccination, breastfeeding)
• Lower threshold for firing pain signals
INFORMED DECISION-MAKING REQUIRES
- Clear understanding
- Knowing where to find health info
- Evaluating reliability & useful of sources (judging info quality)
EXPECTATIONS SHAPE PERCEPTION - Interpreting facts, implications & long-term consequences
Your body responds to what your brain expects. + benefits and risks & personal values and preferences
LIPS Find => find out!
- Based on: Past experiences + Information.
- Affect how pain or symptoms are perceived. 1. Dr. Google will I die? Medical
information on the web
(+ or )
Manipulation worked (video of someone getting shocks)
1. Everyone shut down their phone, 2. Manipulation: neutral/ EMF video, 3. Tactile stimuli
! Induce hyperventilation
2 * THE INTERNET AS A HEALTH TOOL *
<< young cohorts + high HL;
No major impact: ptn-doctor relationship;
Effects depend on condition.
( -data)
, 1 7 * BENEFITS *
* LIFE EXPECTANCY & AGING * * SUCCESSFULLY AGING *
Multidimensional: (prevention, before & after) - Strengthen brain resilience
- BE: Avg: 82.3 yrs (♀: 84.3 & ♂: 80.2)
- Delay functional decline
- Main reasons for longevity: - Biological: genetics, inheritance
- Most effective: physical activity
• Better living conditions (nutrition, hygiene, safety) - Behavioral: Lifestyle, diet, exercise
- Cost-effective (cognitive intervention)
• Healthcare (<<) - Environmental: pollution, toxins
- Aging ≠ always decline: Some cognitive functions ↑ (e.g., crystallized - Cognitive: education and stimulation = non- pharmacological prevention (compensatory
intelligence & myelination, myelination till 40Y) Predicted time, cog. Impairment: varies on scaffolding), it don’t stop, but build tolerance
But some functions/ systems do: ‘senescence’: due cellular intellectual enrichment
program (cf. telomere shortening), accumulation toxins (cf. stress, - Psychosocial: Loneliness, engagement
radiation, smoke), cancer cells (divides ∞) 15% shrinkage (= normal!)
2 * AGING: DISEASE OR NORMAL? * - Depression: hippocampus shrinks
Debate: De Grey vs Blakemore slightly → reversible with therapy
Cellular changes: white matter & vascular changes, CBF - AD: +10% extra, cortex atrophy
becomes lower with increasing age. • Irreversible
• May lose 1/3 of brain volume
LIFESTYLE PROGRAMS CLAIMING TO DELAY AGING: ‘MEND’
(Metabolic Enhancement for Neurodegeneration) 3 * TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE *
5 - Individualized approach: to each person's risk profile - Fluid: memory, processing speed,
* PATHOLOGICAL MENTAL DECLINE *
- Focus: diet, supplements, sleep quality, cognitive math, reasoning
- Main causes:
training, physical exercise & stress management • ↓ with age (from 30y/o)
• Metabolic defects (cf. Hypothyroidism, kidney/ liver failure)
• Substance-related (cf. alcohol abuse, drug side effects) - Crystallized: vocabulary,
LIPS knowledge, life experience
• Psychopathology (cf. depression, trauma, chronic stress)
• Infections (rare! cf. meningitis, encephalitis)
2. Holding Back the Years: Risk • Stable or ↑ (peak: middle age)
• ‘Advantage of wisdom’
• CNS disorders (central nervous system cf. stroke, Parkinson) factors and non-pharmacological
• Culture influences
• Alzheimer’s disease (AD)= Progressive + irreversible neurodegeneration prevention of dementia
- Screening tool: MMSE (cognitive impairment, quick)
- MCI- Mild Cognitive Impairment= early stage cognitive decline
4
6 * ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE *
- Affects: memory, thinking, function
- Types: Early onset (genetic) vs senile (late onset, age- related)
- Symptoms: memory loss, language issues, disorientation, EF deficits,
motor coordination, recognition 8
• Gradual onset, progressive decline (≠ normal aging) * PREVENTING / COMPENSATING AGING *
- Neuropathology: (! Frontal temporal)
• Plaques= Amyloid-β deposits (extracellular)- a bit is normal
• Tangles = Tau protein (intracellular)
* RISK FACTORS *
PREVALENCE & IMPACT
- ~70,000+ AD patients in Belgium (cost: ~178,000€/ptn/year)
- Survival: 8-20y from first symptoms
- Dementia risk ↑ sharply with age
Focus: prevention, not cure (period before symptoms develop
(before, damage already starts)
* PLACEBO & NOCEBO EFFECTS * When it’s LOW, difficulty to…
- Expectations can amplify sensations (long-lasting effects) = key! - Understand healthcare provider/ info
- Nocebo ≠ placebo (=> same system, different outcome) - Comprehend written health info
- Induced: (do not compare bcs no experimental design, it’s the size effect that is indicated) - Navigate healthcare services/ insurance
Colloca et al., 2009 - Take control of personal health
• Conditioning (>) repeated cure + effect
• Social learning (>>) observe others’ reaction, <kids
• Verbal suggestion told it help/ hurt
1 * HEALTH LITERACY & ONLINE HEALTH INFORMATION *
PLASTICITY NOCICEPTIVE SYSTEM
HEALTH LITERACY ~ quality of health care
(How the nervous system adapts to pain over time)
In lab: Capsaicin: - = ability to understand, evaluate, and use health information.
- Tissue damage: Mechanical/ secondary hyperalgesia (pain sensitivity:
depending on the - Essential for informed decision-making:
touch/ pressure, mostly around due temporary changes nociceptive system)
amount => reduced/ • Medical treatment
- Plastic changes: long-lasting, but reversible
• ↑ Synaptic strength (pain signals) increased pain • Illness prevention
• ↑ NT released • Health promotion (e.g., vaccination, breastfeeding)
• Lower threshold for firing pain signals
INFORMED DECISION-MAKING REQUIRES
- Clear understanding
- Knowing where to find health info
- Evaluating reliability & useful of sources (judging info quality)
EXPECTATIONS SHAPE PERCEPTION - Interpreting facts, implications & long-term consequences
Your body responds to what your brain expects. + benefits and risks & personal values and preferences
LIPS Find => find out!
- Based on: Past experiences + Information.
- Affect how pain or symptoms are perceived. 1. Dr. Google will I die? Medical
information on the web
(+ or )
Manipulation worked (video of someone getting shocks)
1. Everyone shut down their phone, 2. Manipulation: neutral/ EMF video, 3. Tactile stimuli
! Induce hyperventilation
2 * THE INTERNET AS A HEALTH TOOL *
<< young cohorts + high HL;
No major impact: ptn-doctor relationship;
Effects depend on condition.
( -data)
, 1 7 * BENEFITS *
* LIFE EXPECTANCY & AGING * * SUCCESSFULLY AGING *
Multidimensional: (prevention, before & after) - Strengthen brain resilience
- BE: Avg: 82.3 yrs (♀: 84.3 & ♂: 80.2)
- Delay functional decline
- Main reasons for longevity: - Biological: genetics, inheritance
- Most effective: physical activity
• Better living conditions (nutrition, hygiene, safety) - Behavioral: Lifestyle, diet, exercise
- Cost-effective (cognitive intervention)
• Healthcare (<<) - Environmental: pollution, toxins
- Aging ≠ always decline: Some cognitive functions ↑ (e.g., crystallized - Cognitive: education and stimulation = non- pharmacological prevention (compensatory
intelligence & myelination, myelination till 40Y) Predicted time, cog. Impairment: varies on scaffolding), it don’t stop, but build tolerance
But some functions/ systems do: ‘senescence’: due cellular intellectual enrichment
program (cf. telomere shortening), accumulation toxins (cf. stress, - Psychosocial: Loneliness, engagement
radiation, smoke), cancer cells (divides ∞) 15% shrinkage (= normal!)
2 * AGING: DISEASE OR NORMAL? * - Depression: hippocampus shrinks
Debate: De Grey vs Blakemore slightly → reversible with therapy
Cellular changes: white matter & vascular changes, CBF - AD: +10% extra, cortex atrophy
becomes lower with increasing age. • Irreversible
• May lose 1/3 of brain volume
LIFESTYLE PROGRAMS CLAIMING TO DELAY AGING: ‘MEND’
(Metabolic Enhancement for Neurodegeneration) 3 * TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE *
5 - Individualized approach: to each person's risk profile - Fluid: memory, processing speed,
* PATHOLOGICAL MENTAL DECLINE *
- Focus: diet, supplements, sleep quality, cognitive math, reasoning
- Main causes:
training, physical exercise & stress management • ↓ with age (from 30y/o)
• Metabolic defects (cf. Hypothyroidism, kidney/ liver failure)
• Substance-related (cf. alcohol abuse, drug side effects) - Crystallized: vocabulary,
LIPS knowledge, life experience
• Psychopathology (cf. depression, trauma, chronic stress)
• Infections (rare! cf. meningitis, encephalitis)
2. Holding Back the Years: Risk • Stable or ↑ (peak: middle age)
• ‘Advantage of wisdom’
• CNS disorders (central nervous system cf. stroke, Parkinson) factors and non-pharmacological
• Culture influences
• Alzheimer’s disease (AD)= Progressive + irreversible neurodegeneration prevention of dementia
- Screening tool: MMSE (cognitive impairment, quick)
- MCI- Mild Cognitive Impairment= early stage cognitive decline
4
6 * ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE *
- Affects: memory, thinking, function
- Types: Early onset (genetic) vs senile (late onset, age- related)
- Symptoms: memory loss, language issues, disorientation, EF deficits,
motor coordination, recognition 8
• Gradual onset, progressive decline (≠ normal aging) * PREVENTING / COMPENSATING AGING *
- Neuropathology: (! Frontal temporal)
• Plaques= Amyloid-β deposits (extracellular)- a bit is normal
• Tangles = Tau protein (intracellular)
* RISK FACTORS *
PREVALENCE & IMPACT
- ~70,000+ AD patients in Belgium (cost: ~178,000€/ptn/year)
- Survival: 8-20y from first symptoms
- Dementia risk ↑ sharply with age
Focus: prevention, not cure (period before symptoms develop
(before, damage already starts)
