D202 PSYC 1020
Pathophysiology
Final Assessment Review
(Questions & Solutions)
2025
1
, 1. Multiple Choice
Question:
A 62-year-old patient presents with crushing chest pain radiating to the
left arm. Laboratory markers indicate significant cell injury. Which
mechanism is most responsible for the cell death seen in myocardial
infarction?
- A. Apoptosis
- B. Coagulative necrosis
- C. Liquefactive necrosis
- D. Caseous necrosis
Correct ANS:
B. Coagulative necrosis
Rationale:
Coagulative necrosis is the typical pattern of cell death in myocardial
infarction, characterized by preservation of the tissue architecture. This
understanding is crucial for nurses who care for patients with ischemic
heart disease and helps in anticipating complications such as
arrhythmias.
---
2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question:
The process by which undifferentiated cells become specialized into
distinct cell types during embryogenesis is known as ________ .
Correct ANS:
differentiation
Rationale:
2
,Cell differentiation is a key process in development, enabling the
formation of specialized tissues. In pathophysiology, disruptions in
differentiation can lead to congenital malformations and neoplasia,
which nursing professionals must recognize when reviewing prenatal or
pediatric cases.
---
3. True/False
Question:
Inflammation is a double-edged sword in tissue repair; while it initiates
healing, excessive or prolonged inflammation can lead to further tissue
damage.
Correct ANS:
True
Rationale:
Inflammation is vital for clearing damaged cells and initiating repair;
however, an exaggerated inflammatory response may cause additional
injury, fibrosis, or even autoimmunity. This balance is a cornerstone of
managing chronic diseases.
---
4. Multiple Response
Question:
Which of the following factors contribute to tissue hypoxia in shock
states? (Select all that apply)
- A. Reduced cardiac output
- B. Microcirculatory dysfunction
- C. High oxygen extraction by tissues
- D. Increased hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
- E. Formation of microthrombi
3
, Correct ANSs:
A, B, C, E
Rationale:
Tissue hypoxia in shock is multifactorial. Reduced cardiac output,
microcirculatory impairment, and microthrombi formation diminish
oxygen delivery, while high oxygen extraction exacerbates the deficit.
Increased hemoglobin affinity (which would improve oxygen loading) is
not a typical contributor.
---
5. Multiple Choice
Question:
A laboratory investigation of a patient with autoimmune hemolytic
anemia reveals antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells. This
mechanism is most consistent with which hypersensitivity reaction?
- A. Type I
- B. Type II
- C. Type III
- D. Type IV
Correct ANS:
B. Type II
Rationale:
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are antibody-mediated and involve
antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell
destruction. In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, antibodies target red
blood cells, making this distinction critical for understanding both
pathogenesis and treatment strategies.
---
6. Fill-in-the-Blank
4
Pathophysiology
Final Assessment Review
(Questions & Solutions)
2025
1
, 1. Multiple Choice
Question:
A 62-year-old patient presents with crushing chest pain radiating to the
left arm. Laboratory markers indicate significant cell injury. Which
mechanism is most responsible for the cell death seen in myocardial
infarction?
- A. Apoptosis
- B. Coagulative necrosis
- C. Liquefactive necrosis
- D. Caseous necrosis
Correct ANS:
B. Coagulative necrosis
Rationale:
Coagulative necrosis is the typical pattern of cell death in myocardial
infarction, characterized by preservation of the tissue architecture. This
understanding is crucial for nurses who care for patients with ischemic
heart disease and helps in anticipating complications such as
arrhythmias.
---
2. Fill-in-the-Blank
Question:
The process by which undifferentiated cells become specialized into
distinct cell types during embryogenesis is known as ________ .
Correct ANS:
differentiation
Rationale:
2
,Cell differentiation is a key process in development, enabling the
formation of specialized tissues. In pathophysiology, disruptions in
differentiation can lead to congenital malformations and neoplasia,
which nursing professionals must recognize when reviewing prenatal or
pediatric cases.
---
3. True/False
Question:
Inflammation is a double-edged sword in tissue repair; while it initiates
healing, excessive or prolonged inflammation can lead to further tissue
damage.
Correct ANS:
True
Rationale:
Inflammation is vital for clearing damaged cells and initiating repair;
however, an exaggerated inflammatory response may cause additional
injury, fibrosis, or even autoimmunity. This balance is a cornerstone of
managing chronic diseases.
---
4. Multiple Response
Question:
Which of the following factors contribute to tissue hypoxia in shock
states? (Select all that apply)
- A. Reduced cardiac output
- B. Microcirculatory dysfunction
- C. High oxygen extraction by tissues
- D. Increased hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
- E. Formation of microthrombi
3
, Correct ANSs:
A, B, C, E
Rationale:
Tissue hypoxia in shock is multifactorial. Reduced cardiac output,
microcirculatory impairment, and microthrombi formation diminish
oxygen delivery, while high oxygen extraction exacerbates the deficit.
Increased hemoglobin affinity (which would improve oxygen loading) is
not a typical contributor.
---
5. Multiple Choice
Question:
A laboratory investigation of a patient with autoimmune hemolytic
anemia reveals antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells. This
mechanism is most consistent with which hypersensitivity reaction?
- A. Type I
- B. Type II
- C. Type III
- D. Type IV
Correct ANS:
B. Type II
Rationale:
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are antibody-mediated and involve
antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell
destruction. In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, antibodies target red
blood cells, making this distinction critical for understanding both
pathogenesis and treatment strategies.
---
6. Fill-in-the-Blank
4
