US HISTORY 1 CLEP EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS GRADED A

US HISTORY 1 CLEP EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS GRADED A “In general, Native American groups prior to contact with Europeans - CORRECT ANSWER had adapted to a variety of geographic and climate conditions" "Which of the following was Not a factor in the success of the spanish in conquering Native American people? - CORRECT ANSWER The importation of Africans" "Which of the following was fought between colonist and Native Americans? - CORRECT ANSWER King Phillip's War" "A major differences in government structure between royal colonies and charter colonies was? - CORRECT ANSWER The colonist elected their own governor in charter colonies, wheras the monarch appointed the governor in a royal colony" "The development of enslaved Africans as the chief labor supply after Bacon's Rebellion occurred because of? - CORRECT ANSWER the growing number of white landless and discontented former servants" "The first colony in the 1600s to require that each town established a public primary school was? - CORRECT ANSWER Massachusetts" "While the English were the largest group of people to immigrate to the colonies, the second largest group were? - CORRECT ANSWER Scot Irish" "A significant characteristic of the social class structure in the English colonies was - CORRECT ANSWER The size and wealth of the middle class" "The Federalist party of the 1790's found it support among - CORRECT ANSWER Northern merchants, New England Farmers, and Skilled Workers" ""Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances, with any portion of the foregin world" - CORRECT ANSWER George Washington" "The Treaty of Greenville is significant because - CORRECT ANSWER Native Americans in the Old Northwest ceded most of their lands to the United States" "The Sedition Act was used primarily against - CORRECT ANSWER Republican printers and editors" "The Kentucky and Virginia Resolution are significant - CORRECT ANSWER they were the first articulation of the doctrine of nullification" "The supreme Court decision that established the principle of judicial review of acts of congress was - CORRECT ANSWER Marbury vs Madison" "The campaign for local option laws was one aspect of which of the following movements? - CORRECT ANSWER Temperance" "Which of the following characteristics of European American society was not adopted by the Cherokee nation? - CORRECT ANSWER individual right to sell land to European Americans" "All of the following are associated with the abolition movement EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER George Washington Carver" "Al of the following were associated with Underground Railroad EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER Deep South" "All of the following split the abolitionist movement Except - CORRECT ANSWER Southern Abolitionist verus Northern abolitionist" "Texas gained it independence as a result of - CORRECT ANSWER The battle of San Jacinto" "The majority of pioneers in Oregon and the Puritans in Massachusetts had which of the following motivations in common? - CORRECT ANSWER Better Themselves financially" "Which of the following was meant to stop Congress from considering anti-slavery petitions? - CORRECT ANSWER Gag Rule" "Most White Southern families - CORRECT ANSWER lived at subsistence level" "All of the following were reason that the southerners gave to justify slavery Except - CORRECT ANSWER The lack of a transportation network in the south meant there was no motivation to become industrialized" "Which of the following was NOT true about life in the North for free African Americans? - CORRECT ANSWER Although African Americans lived in segregated areas, their children did not attend segregated schools" ""can people of a Territory in any lawful way, against the wishes of any citizen of the United States, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a state constitution? I answer emphatically,... that in my opinion the people of a territoy can be lawful means, exclude slavery from their limits prior to the formation of a State constitution - CORRECT ANSWER Popular Sovereignty" "All of the following increased tensions between North and South over slavery EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER The rise of the Know-Nothing Party" "The Ostend Manifesto - CORRECT ANSWER Threatened a U.S- supported revolution in Cuba if Spain would not sell the island to The United States" "The Wilmot Proviso was controversial because it proposed - CORRECT ANSWER A Ban on Slavery in any State created out of land bought from Mexico" "Most Gold hunters in the California gold rush of 1849 - CORRECT ANSWER Expected to find gold and return home" "Of the various provisions of the Compromise of 1850, which one helped to turn many Northerners into abolitionist - CORRECT ANSWER The Fugitive Slave Law" "The republican platform of 1860 - CORRECT ANSWER Supported John Brown raid" "Suffolk Resolves (1774) - CORRECT ANSWER This was agreed to by delegates from Suffolk county, Massachusetts, and approved by the First Continental Congress on October 8, 1774. Nullified the Coercive Acts, closed royal courts, ordered taxes to be paid to colonial governments instead of the royal government, and prepared local militias" "Writs of Assistance - CORRECT ANSWER They were search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; these were part of the Townshend Acts. They allowed customs officers to inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens. It was challenged by James Otis." "Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans - CORRECT ANSWER Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England because they didn't want to sit next to the "damned", led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth (1620)" "Northwest Passage - CORRECT ANSWER Believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth" "Roald Amundsen () - CORRECT ANSWER Europeans since the 16th century had searched for a short route to the Far East before it was successfully traversed by..." "Conversion Experience - CORRECT ANSWER The spiritual practice of being reborn. Puritans believed that only saints could join Puritan congregations, so all the members had to undergo conversion experience that was known as santification. This took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church." "Social Reciprocity - CORRECT ANSWER Society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminately (like in the Scarlet Letter how they punishes Hester but still let her live in the town) but it is also the act of people treating others as they themselves wish to be treated. It was an ideology invented by the Puritans in order to care for the less fortunate" "Church of England (1534) - CORRECT ANSWER Protestant/Anglican church, Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife. It was/is a Church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; it shifted toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty." "Colombian Exchange - CORRECT ANSWER The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages" "Jamestown (1607) - CORRECT ANSWER The first permanent and successful English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River" "Townshend Act (1767) - CORRECT ANSWER This act imposed import duties on tea, paper, glass, red and white lead, and painter's colors. It provoked the imperial crisis of . In 1770 Parliament repealed all of the duties except the one on tea. This was similar to the Navigation Acts (1651); this raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries." "Sugar Act (1764) - CORRECT ANSWER This increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs. The British were deeply in debt, partly to the French & Indian War (1763). Because of this, English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. This halved the duty on foreign made molasses, placed duties on certain imports, and strengthened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court." "Stamp Act (1765) - CORRECT ANSWER This was an act passed by the British Parliament that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents. This was to support British troops and was not approved by colonists through their representatives." "Stamp Act Congress (1765) - CORRECT ANSWER This was a meeting, held in New York, of delegations from many of the colonies. The congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance. At the Stamp Act Congress, the delegations agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed." "Virginia Resolves - CORRECT ANSWER Put forth the idea of "no taxation without representation." In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions." "Currency Act (1764) - CORRECT ANSWER This act restricted colonists from printing their own currency and instead using "hard" currency (gold and silver). This destabilized colonial economy." "The Loyal Nine - CORRECT ANSWER Boston social club of printers, distillers, etc. that organized demonstration against the stamp act in which they gathered a variety of colonists to hang an effigy of Andrew Oliver and destroying his and Hutchinson's Homes. They Sought to drive stamp distributors from the city." "Sons of Liberty - CORRECT ANSWER They organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom), advocated non-importation. A radical political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used poth peaceful and violent means of protest. They led the Boston Tea Party and threatened tax collectors." "Declaratory Act (1766) - CORRECT ANSWER This allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies and limited the colonists' say in governance. Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies." "Boston Massacre (1770) - CORRECT ANSWER The first bloodshed of the American Revolution. This was a riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed five people. Two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) were found guilty of manslaughter. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution." "Tea Act (1773) - CORRECT ANSWER This was intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy. This allowed the East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea). The British allowed East India Company to avoid navigation taxes when exporting tea to colonies and gave them power to monopolize tea trade; this angered colonists and threatened merchants and the colonial economy, undermined colonial tea merchants and led to the Boston Tea Party (1773)" "Quebec Act - CORRECT ANSWER This is where former French subjects in Canada were allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists were expected to participate in the Church of England. It propelled the anti-parliament sentiments and other colonies rallyed around Boston and sent provisions so closing of ports wouldn't affect it. A fifth act in the set of Intolerable Acts, the Quebec Act enlarged the boundaries of what was then the Province of Quebec and instituted reforms generally favorable to the French Catholic inhabitants of the region." "Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) - CORRECT ANSWER In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses, and murder in the name of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony." "12th Amendment (1804) - CORRECT ANSWER This required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates This was brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie and stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president." "Barbary Pirates - CORRECT ANSWER North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtained fees from most European powers. The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From , the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars () against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute." "Non-Intercourse Act (1809) - CORRECT ANSWER Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2. It sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing." "Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810) - CORRECT ANSWER prohibited exports (and imports) based in American ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation" "John C. Calhoun () - CORRECT ANSWER Opposed Polk's high-handedness, avid Southern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property), Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law (1830s-40s), which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class." "Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) - CORRECT ANSWER Was a decisive victory in the War of 1812 by Harrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison's campaign for presidency. Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812." "Essex case (1805) - CORRECT ANSWER Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention; This was in 1805, a British court ruled that the practice of shipping French and Spanish goods through U.S. ports on their way elsewhere did not neutralize enemy goods. The practice violated the British rule of 1756, under which trade closed in time of peace remained closed in time of war. Goods shipped in violation of the war would be seized. In a series of decrees in 1806 and 1807, the British gov. set up a "paper blockade" of Europe. Vessels headed for European ports were required to get British licenses and were subject to British inspection. The situation (see the Berlin and Milan Decree) presented American shippers with a dilemma... if they complied with the demands of one side, they were subject to seizure by the other (impressment)" "Era of Good Feelings () - CORRECT ANSWER A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism and unity behind Monroe, economic growth (foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco),, Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightened credit, affected West the most), and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts." "James Monroe () - CORRECT ANSWER This provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine; Involved in politics most of his life, he established one of the basic principles of American foreign policy with his Monroe Doctrine. During his administration he signed the Missouri Compromise in 1820 and issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. In the doctrine, Monroe declared that the European powers should not colonize or interfere in the affairs of nations in the Western Hemisphere." "Tallmadge Amendment (1819) - CORRECT ANSWER This dictated no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25; This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South." "Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) - CORRECT ANSWER An agreement between US and Britain to remove armed fleets from the Great Lakes. During Adam's presidency he wanted to strengthen the peace with Great Britain. During his term, the US and Britain signed this treaty which effectively demilitarized the Great Lakes by severely restricting the number of ships that they two powers could maintain there." "Adams-Onis Treaty - CORRECT ANSWER remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean." "Tariff of Abominations - CORRECT ANSWER Under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff, South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jackson appear to advocate free trade. The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings" "Jackson's Presidency () - CORRECT ANSWER He focused on the "Common Man;" removal of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto." "Erie Canal (1825) - CORRECT ANSWER In short, it allowed goods to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways. A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West" "Indian Removal Act (1830) - CORRECT ANSWER Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi (in Louisiana). The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West." "Five Civilized Tribes - CORRECT ANSWER Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion" "Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) - CORRECT ANSWER This was the first attempt of Cherokees to gain complete sovereign rule over their nation. The Cherokees argued that they were a separate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status."" "Spoils System - CORRECT ANSWER Rotation in office;" Jackson felt that one should spend a single term in office and return to private citizenship, those who held power too long would become corrupt and political appointments made by new officials was essential for democracy." "Kitchen Cabinet - CORRECT ANSWER Jackson's group of unofficial advisers (his personal friends) consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet." "Specie - CORRECT ANSWER Paper money; specie circular decreed that the government would not accept specie for government land." "Maysville Road Veto (1830) - CORRECT ANSWER The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements and would only benefit one state" "Liberty Party (1839) - CORRECT ANSWER Supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society; A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848" "Marshall Court (all cases) - CORRECT ANSWER Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McChulloch v. Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, states cannot control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstate commerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contract cannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v.Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties' consent)" "Horace Mann - CORRECT ANSWER worked to reform the American education system, abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix" "William Lloyd Garrison - CORRECT ANSWER editor of The Liberator (strongly abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery), fought for feminist movement ("Am I not a woman and a sister" picture of slave woman)" "Frederick Douglass - CORRECT ANSWER runaway slave, well-known speaker on the condition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips, founder of The North Star" "Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 - CORRECT ANSWER for women's rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence" "Elizabeth Cady Stanton - CORRECT ANSWER organized Seneca Falls Convention, founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization" "Angelina and Sarah Grimké - CORRECT ANSWER fought for women's rights and abolition, "Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!"" "Dorothea Dix - CORRECT ANSWER worked towards asylums for the mentally insane, worked alongside Mann" "John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community - CORRECT ANSWER John Noyes, New York; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage" "New Harmony - CORRECT ANSWER first Utopian society, by Robert Owen" "Transcendentalism - CORRECT ANSWER founded by Emerson, strong emphasis on spiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strong references to nature" "Ralph Waldo Emerson - CORRECT ANSWER in Brook Farm Community, literary nationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God and freedom), wrote "The American Scholar"" "Henry David Thoreau (Walden and On Civil Disobedience) - CORRECT ANSWER in Brook Farm Community, lived in seclusion for two years writing Walden, proved that man could provide for himself without materialistic wants" "Nat Turner's Rebellion - CORRECT ANSWER Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slave holding Virginians to consider emancipation" "Yeoman Farmers - CORRECT ANSWER family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners" "Underground Railroad - CORRECT ANSWER network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom" "Harriet Tubman - CORRECT ANSWER worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom" ""Wage slaves" - CORRECT ANSWER northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)" "The Alamo - CORRECT ANSWER Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio), Texans lost great number of people, "Remember the Alamo"" "Stephen Austin - CORRECT ANSWER American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico" "James K. Polk - CORRECT ANSWER dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury" "Oregon and "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!" - CORRECT ANSWER Oregon Territory owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to settle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40'" "Manifest Destiny - CORRECT ANSWER stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk" "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - CORRECT ANSWER acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas" "Wilmot Proviso - CORRECT ANSWER slavery to be barred in all territory ceded from Mexico; never fully passed Congress" "California Gold Rush - CORRECT ANSWER gold discovery in Sutter's Mill in 1848resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the West" "William Seward - CORRECT ANSWER Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska "Seward's Folly"" "Compromise of 1850 - CORRECT ANSWER (1) California admitted as free state, (2)territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico,(3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6)new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A.Douglas" "Fugitive Slave Act - CORRECT ANSWER runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as property - running away was as good as stealing)" "Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin - CORRECT ANSWER depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South" ""Bleeding Kansas" - CORRECT ANSWER border ruffians in election on issue of slavery incited controversy, pro-slavery group attacked Lawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre" "Lecompton Constitution - CORRECT ANSWER pro-slavery constitution in Kansas, supported by Buchanan, freesoilers against it (victorious), denied statehood until after secession" "John Brown - CORRECT ANSWER led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God's work" "Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856) - CORRECT ANSWER John Brown and his sons slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress" "Republican Party - CORRECT ANSWER formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential candidate" "Harpers Ferry (1859) - CORRECT ANSWER Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black Free State; Brown executed and became martyr in the North" "Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) - CORRECT ANSWER over Senate seat for Illinois (Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain split over the issue of slavery" "Freeport Doctrine - CORRECT ANSWER Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be able to exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as property" "20-Negro Law - CORRECT ANSWER exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; "rich man's war but a poor man's fight"" "Anaconda plan - CORRECT ANSWER the Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico" "Ulysses S. Grant - CORRECT ANSWER won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general" "William T. Sherman - CORRECT ANSWER pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, "march to the sea" (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina" "Robert E. Lee - CORRECT ANSWER opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army" "Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson - CORRECT ANSWER Lee's chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer" "Battle of Antietam - CORRECT ANSWER Lee's attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so close to victory again" "Emancipation Proclamation - CORRECT ANSWER issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include Border States), symbolic gesture to support Union's moral cause in the war" "Battle of Gettysburg - CORRECT ANSWER Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Pickett's Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation over union)" "New York City draft riots (1863) - CORRECT ANSWER drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned" "Military Reconstruction Act (1867) - CORRECT ANSWER South divided into 5military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify14th amendment" "Compromise of 1877 - CORRECT ANSWER South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction; North wins Hayes as president Cortez - Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico ()" "Ponce de Leon - CORRECT ANSWER Discovered and claimed Florida (Land of the Flowers) for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth" "Magellan - CORRECT ANSWER This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world" "Jamestown - CORRECT ANSWER The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop" "Roanoke - CORRECT ANSWER Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them." "Coronado - CORRECT ANSWER Explored Arizona and New Mexico in search of fabled cities of gold; en route his expedition discovered two awesome natural wonders: the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of Buffalo" "Columbus - CORRECT ANSWER Explored Arizona and New Mexico in search of fabled cities of gold; en route his expedition discovered two awesome natural wonders: the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of Buffalo" "Amerigo Vespucci - CORRECT ANSWER The Italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of America as a new world. America is named after him." "Queen Elizabeth 1 () - CORRECT ANSWER She was called the Virgin Queen because she never married although she used it to her advantage. She was a Protestant queen that stood up to Catholic Spain and defeated the Spanish Armada. This was the beginning of the end of the Spanish empire and the start of the English Empire." "Joint Stock Companies - CORRECT ANSWER These were developed to gather the savings from the middle class to support finance colonies. Ex. London Company and Plymouth Company" "John Rolfe - CORRECT ANSWER He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. He was part of the first interracial union. He was killed in a series of indian attacks." "Pocahontas - CORRECT ANSWER A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about ; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations" "Powhatan - CORRECT ANSWER Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death." "Separatists - CORRECT ANSWER Pilgrims that started out in Holland in the 1620's who traveled over the Atlantic Ocean on the Mayflower. They separated from the church, as they believed they were sitting in services with the "damned". They firmly believed in the act of salvation came from a spiritual rebirth, known as Conversion Experience, without which, one could not be part of the Church." "Squanto - CORRECT ANSWER Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag." "William Bradford () - CORRECT ANSWER He was a Pilgrim and the second governor of the Plymouth colony. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. He also wrote a history of the colony, detailing political decisions made by town meetings and, later, by elected assemblies." "All of the following were reasons the English were interested in colonization Except? - CORRECT ANSWER English Landlords wanted to import their enclosure movement to the Americas to make money" "Which of the following was NOT a direct result of the dumping of precious metals from the Americas into European markest? - CORRECT ANSWER Introduction of joint-stock companies" "Which of the following is a true Statement about Puritanism? - CORRECT ANSWER Puritanism was based on a set of religious,political, and social values" "The first published poet in the North American colonies was? - CORRECT ANSWER Anne Bradstreet" "William Penn called his colony a " Holy Experiment" because he? - CORRECT ANSWER Wanted to establish a self-governing colony with political and religious freedom" "The Bodies of Liberty, the first set of laws in the English colonies, was passed by the? - CORRECT ANSWER Massachusetts General Courts" "Tabacco was the most important export commodity in the late seventeenth century for which of the folllowing states? - CORRECT ANSWER Virginia and Maryland" "Which of the following is Not a True statement about life in the English colonies? - CORRECT ANSWER The colonies had no colleges, so young men had to go to England for higher education" "The child depicted in this painting reflects what idea of Puritans? - CORRECT ANSWER Children were considered small adults" "The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time, and some of us had been permitted to stay on deck for the Fresh air" This quotation probably describe - CORRECT ANSWER A slave ship bound for the americas" "The religious group that had the greatest influences in New England after the initial phase of settlement was - CORRECT ANSWER Congregational Church" "Over time, which of the following rights were married women in the colonies able to exercise? - CORRECT ANSWER Conduct business" "The great Awakening spurred all of the following expect - CORRECT ANSWER The banning of Anglicanism" "A major Difference between slavery in Virginia and in the Carolinas and Georgia was that? - CORRECT ANSWER Most slaves in Virginia had been born in the colony rather than imported" "Which of the following was a major advantage for the British in North America during the French and Indian War? - CORRECT ANSWER The British colonies were populated with families willing to fight for their homes" "The British government did not enforce the Proclamation of 1763 because? - CORRECT ANSWER It was to the benefit of the British empire to have the colonist move west" "British policy toward its colonies in the 1600s and 1700s was based on the principle of - CORRECT ANSWER mercantilism" "The " Power of the purse" colonial legislatures ability to influences the actions of royal offical in the colonies, was eliminated by the - CORRECT ANSWER Townsend Act" "All of the following are examples of the influence of Enlightment thinking Except - CORRECT ANSWER Predestination- Belief that either your saved or your damned" ""of more worth is one honest man society, and in the sight of God than all the crowned ruffians that ever lived - CORRECT ANSWER Thomas Paine" "The battle of Saratoga in 1777 was important because it - CORRECT ANSWER Brought France into a formal alliances with the United States" "The peace of Paris called for all of the following EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER Florida was given to the united States. ( Research The peae of Paris)" "The Major difficulty of government under the Articles of Confederation was - CORRECT ANSWER lack of a c hief executive" "which of the following provided the plan for all subsequent admission of territories to statehood in the United States? - CORRECT ANSWER The Northwest Ordinance (research)" "The great Compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention resulted in? - CORRECT ANSWER The establishment of a legislature of two houses, a house of Representatives based on population and a senate with equal representation among the states" "The major shortcoming of the New Constitution according to Anti-federalist was - CORRECT ANSWER The small states would be overpowered by the large states in congress" "Which of the following is the correct listing of freedoms included in the first Amendment to the U.S Constitution - CORRECT ANSWER Freedom of religon, freedom of speech,freedom of the press, right to assemble" "The Authority of Cogress to approve presidental nominees to the federal judicary is an example of? - CORRECT ANSWER Checks and Balances" "The reason underlying Alexander Hamilton's proposal that the United States government redeem all bonds at face value and pay all state debts was - CORRECT ANSWER to convince wealthy Americans that the United States was a safe investment" "Which of the following was the first test of the unity of the United States under it's new Constitution? - CORRECT ANSWER Whiskey Rebellion" "Which of the following helped to lay out washington D.C, and was a mathematician and astronomer? - CORRECT ANSWER Benjamin Banneker" "All of the following were results of the Louisiana Purchase except - CORRECT ANSWER it provided a Northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean" "The purpose of the embargo Act of 1807 was to - CORRECT ANSWER Preserve the neutrality of the United States" "Which of the following groups lost significant influence as a result of the War of 1812? - CORRECT ANSWER Federalist" "The war of 1812 was significant because - CORRECT ANSWER the United States fought Great Britain to a Standoff" "Between 1780 and 1830, the population of the United States grew from 2.7 million to 12 million chiefly as a result of - CORRECT ANSWER Natural Increase" "The Monore Doctrine was a bold statement by the United States because - CORRECT ANSWER The nation did not have the power to back it up" "Henry Clay's plan to finance a national bank, levy a protective tariff, and use federal funds to finance internal improvements is known as - CORRECT ANSWER American System" "The Missouri Compromise was important because - CORRECT ANSWER it established a boundary line for the expansion of slavery" "The democratic Party of Andrew Jackson attracted - CORRECT ANSWER Southerners,Westerners,and Northern Urban workers" "The election of 1824 resulted in - CORRECT ANSWER The house of representatives deciding the election" "The subject of the Cartoon is - CORRECT ANSWER Jackson's use of the spoil System to reward supporters" "Which of the following transformed the economy of the southern states? - CORRECT ANSWER The invention of the Cotton Gin" "Jackson's Specie Circular resulted in - CORRECT ANSWER An economic depression" ""John Marshall has made his decision. Now let see him enforce it" Was a quote made by what president? - CORRECT ANSWER Andrew Jackson (research)" "The Transportation revolution had all of the following effects EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER The South was more closely tied to Midwest" "All of the following resulted from the Second Great Awakening EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER The rapid Decline in The Methodist and Bapist churches" "The putting-out system was made possible only because the adoption of - CORRECT ANSWER Division of labor" "One of the biggest societal changes of the early 1800s was - CORRECT ANSWER The new concept of domesticity governing women's roles as wife and mother" "Early Union efforts were aimed at organizing - CORRECT ANSWER Skilled, White male workers" "An Author whose works helped to established a national idenity for American Literature was - CORRECT ANSWER James Fenimore Cooper" "Transcendentalist were interested in using their literary output - CORRECT ANSWER to reform American life" "By the 1830s, the greatest growth in Printed material occured in - CORRECT ANSWER Newspaper" "Which of the following artist painted romanticized version of life on the western frontier? - CORRECT ANSWER George Caleb Bingham" "Members of the Whig Party were most likely to disagree among themselves over the issue of - CORRECT ANSWER Extension of slavery into the territories" "The First example of the factory system in the United States was the work of - CORRECT ANSWER Francis Cabot Lowell" "The first well known woman scientist in the United States was - CORRECT ANSWER Maria Mitchell" "Middle-class Americans at mid-century viewed public education - CORRECT ANSWER As a stabilizing force in a world of rapid change" "Most fiction and nonfiction writers in the first part of the mid-nineteenth century - CORRECT ANSWER were social Critics" "Which of the following is an allegory of good and evil? - CORRECT ANSWER Moby Dick" "This political cartoon - CORRECT ANSWER is an example of the mudslinging that went on in the election of 1840" "Labor had limited success in organizing in the 1840's and 1850s primarily because of - CORRECT ANSWER The increasing ethnic diversity of the workforce as immigration increased" "Americans who settled in Texas under Mexican rule plotted rebellion when Mexico tried - CORRECT ANSWER to enforced it ban of slavery" "The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 took up the issue of - CORRECT ANSWER Women's right" "Folk artist tended to use which of the following as theme's for their work? - CORRECT ANSWER Portraits and scenes of family life" ""East by Sunrise, West by Sunset, North by the Arctic Expedition, and south as far as we darn well please - CORRECT ANSWER Manifest Destiny" "Those most likely to move into the class of Southern elite were - CORRECT ANSWER Middle Class professionals" "Which of the following was NOT a utopian community? - CORRECT ANSWER Deseret" "Oberlin College is credited with being - CORRECT ANSWER The first Women's college" "All of the following underlay anti-immigrants feelings in the 1800's EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER Immigrants would hold back progress" "Which of the following is an accurate description of the growth of cities by the mid-1800s? - CORRECT ANSWER Cities were becoming separated into neighborhoods based on socioeconomic levels." "The Whig Party was replaced as a major party in two-party system by the - CORRECT ANSWER Republican Party" "The civil War was most likely a result of - CORRECT ANSWER Opposing and intractable differences between North and South" "Which of the following explains why Lincoln did not initially make emancipation a goal of the Civil War? - CORRECT ANSWER He was concerned that the borders states would joined the Confederacy" "All of the following were disadvantages of the Confederacy EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER They had to fight a defensive War" "The Major goal of the Confederacy foreign policy was to - CORRECT ANSWER gain recognition as an independent nation from foreign government" "The main goal of Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction was to - CORRECT ANSWER restore the Union as quickly as possible" "All of the following were part of Johnson Reconstruction plan EXCEPT - CORRECT ANSWER Confederate debts would be repaid" "After the Civil War, women were told to put aside their demand for voting rights and to work instead for - CORRECT ANSWER voting rights for African American Men" "Andrew Johnson based his veto of the Civil rights ACT of 1866 on which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER It was unconstitutional because it violated states right" "The most important goal for freed slaves was - CORRECT ANSWER to acquire land, a house, and a means of making a living" "Which of the following was part of the Radical Republicans plan of Reconstruction - CORRECT ANSWER The new state constitution were to guarantee voting rights for African American males." ""Seward Folly" refers to - CORRECT ANSWER The Purchase of Alaska from Russia" "Redeemers were so called because they - CORRECT ANSWER were white Southern politicians who restored white supremacy in the South" "Reconstruction ended in 1877 because - CORRECT ANSWER Deal was reached to name Hayes the winner of the presidential election of 1876 in exchange for an end to Reconstruction" "Which of the following replaced the plantation system of agriculture in the south? - CORRECT ANSWER Share cropping" "White southerner benefitted from all of the following after the Civil War EXCEPT? - CORRECT ANSWER Lower Taxes" "What did President George Washington, Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, and Ulysses S. Grant have in common? - CORRECT ANSWER All were War Hero's" "Charles II () and James II () --Sequential Kings of England - CORRECT ANSWER Tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures" "Committees of Correspondence - CORRECT ANSWER These were committees appointed from different colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-government, cooperation between colonies. Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress." "The Glorious Revolution (1688) - CORRECT ANSWER William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures. This was a relatively bloodless revolution and it set precedents to inspire the American Revolution" "The Half-Way Covenant (1662) - CORRECT ANSWER New Englanders who did not wish to relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints. Formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion. This opened up the Puritan Church." "Head Right System - CORRECT ANSWER A system inaugurated by Sir Edwin Sandys, head of the Virginia Company. The "head right" policy gave anyone who bought a share in the company and could afford to get to Virginia, fifty acres, and fifty more for any additional servants they brought." "King William and Queen Mary (began in 1689) - CORRECT ANSWER Known for their co-regency of England, Scotland, and Ireland, they ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies" "Mercantilism - CORRECT ANSWER A set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country. This ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; this was too restrictive on colonial economy, and not voted on by colonists. The guiding basis was that nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought." "Roger Williams () - CORRECT ANSWER Challenged New Englanders to completely separate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church. He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. He was an English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism." "John Smith (1608) - CORRECT ANSWER He is predominately known for introducing work ethic, sanitation, and diplomacy to local Native American tribes to the Jamestown settlement. He had fought the Spanish and Turks. His leadership saved the Jamestown settlement from collapsing" "Pocahontas - CORRECT ANSWER She was key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617. She was a Native Indian of America. She was the daughter of Chief Powahatan and was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him (about ); Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations" "Mayflower Compact (1620) - CORRECT ANSWER This was the foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land. This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule." "John Winthrop - CORRECT ANSWER Calvinist, devised concept of "city on a hill"("A Model of Christian Charity"); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay. As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop () was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world." "Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649) - CORRECT ANSWER This mandated the toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant). This order was made by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. (REMEMBER)" "James I (King of Scots), Charles I (His Son) -- English Kings - CORRECT ANSWER Reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors" "William Penn and the Quakers - CORRECT ANSWER Settled in Pennsylvania, believed the "Inner Light" could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers. Quakers were very pious group of religious dissenters in England, that emerged during the mid-1600's. They refused to support the Church of England with taxes.In England, Quakers were looked down upon, often jailed and fined. William Penn, in 1681, was able to get a grant of fertile land in the new world. The King owed Penn's Father a debt, so he named the place Pennsylvania (meaning Penn's Woodland) in his honor. Pennsylvania eventually became a haven for several different ethnic groups, especially religious misfits that were treated harshly in the other colonies. They even kept great relations with the native-Americans nearby" "Anne Hutchinson () - CORRECT ANSWER She challenged New England Calvinist ministers' authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism. She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639." "Navigation Acts (1651) - CORRECT ANSWER This set of laws governed trade between England and its colonies for nearly 200 years. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries; the dissent began in 1763." "Dominion of New England - CORRECT ANSWER The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut (and later Jersey and New York) into a single province, a "super colony, headed by a royal, "super governor", Edmond Andros. Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros" "James Oglethorpe () - CORRECT ANSWER Founder of Georgia in 1733; soldier, statesman , philanthropist. Started Georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his intrest in prison reform. Almost single-handedly kept Georgia afloat. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor." "The Great Awakening (began in 1720) - CORRECT ANSWER Began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities. Important topics in this era... Deists, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, New Lights vs. Old Lights. This was the second religious revival in the United States in which masses of people would gather to pray and many souls were "saved". The Methodists and Baptists became the most abundant religion from heavy recruiting." "Deists - CORRECT ANSWER This is a religious ideology followed by many founding fathers; They believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Famous Deists: Franklin, Jefferson, Paine. The religion acknowledged a Supreme Being who created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with capacity for moral behavior, but did not interfere in the world after its creation. Influenced by the spirit of rationalism, Deists believed that God, like a celestial clock-maker, had created a perfect universe and then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws." "George Whitefield () - CORRECT ANSWER He was a preacher and powerful speaker who traveled throughout the colonies... He said the key test of election (salvation) is an emotional conversion experience. He inspired many into Christianity. He is credited with starting the Great Awakening in his journey to hte colonies, also a leader of the "New Lights." He succeeded John Wesley as leader of Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England, and was a major force in revivalism in England." "Jonathan Edwards () - CORRECT ANSWER American Puritan minister and theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America and led revivals. He stressed immediate repentance. Part of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners" "New Lights vs. Old Lights - CORRECT ANSWER "New Lights" brought new ideas, rejected by "Old Lights"; both sought out institutions independent of each other. The Old lights rejected the great Awakening while New Lights accepted it-and sometimes were persecuted for their enthusiasm. Many colleges were founded because of the New light ministries. This term was first used during the Great Awakening, by Jonathan Edwards, claiming that his congregants experience with grace gave them a "new light" to their perspectives." "Proclamation of 1763 - CORRECT ANSWER This prohibited settlements west of Appalachian and placed a restriction on colonial growth. A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east" "Salutary Neglect - CORRECT ANSWER Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements. This was a British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II with relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureaucrats; it contributed significantly to the rise of American self government." "Suffolk Resolves (1774) - CORRECT ANSWER This was agreed to by delegates from Suffolk county, Massachusetts, and approved by the First Continental Congress on October 8, 1774. Nullified the Coercive Acts, closed royal courts, ordered taxes to be paid to colonial governments instead of the royal government, and prepared local militias." "Olive Branch Petition (1775) - CORRECT ANSWER On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies), a cease-fire in Boston, and a guarantee of American rights. It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act, forbidding all further trade with the colonies." ""Common Sense" (1776) by Thomas Paine - CORRECT ANSWER A British citizen, he wrote "Common Sense", published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution. It stressed American's maltreatment, emphasized a need for revolution, and appealed to emotions" "Tories (Loyalist) - CORRECT ANSWER American colonists who were supportive of the King and the British army; they fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy)" "British strengths and weaknesses - CORRECT ANSWER Strengths- British citizenship outnumbered colonies', large navy and professional army; Weaknesses- exhausted resources (Hessians hired), and a large national debt" "Colonial strengths and weaknesses - CORRECT ANSWER Strengths- fair amount of troops, short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington); Weaknesses- nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles" "Valley Forge (Prominent in ) - CORRECT ANSWER Place where Washington's army spent the winter of , a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Steuben came, trained and motivated the troops." "Treaty of Paris (1783) -