Bio 151 Exam 2 Questions And Answers

Traits aren't transmitted in inheritance, but rather genes are - ANS Mendel's Key Discovery particular combination of alleles present - ANS genotype The expression of the traits in the individual - ANS phenotype any cross of an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive genotype - ANS testcross the phenotype of heterozygous genotype is intermediate between the homozygous genotypes - ANS incomplete dominance This states that segregation of one set of alleles of a gene pair is independent of the segregation of another set of alleles of a different gene pair - ANS Principle of Independent Assortment This was Mendel's second key discovery - ANS Principle of Independent Assortment this reflected the random alignment of chromosomes in meiosis - ANS independent assortment this results in the the exchange of genetic material - ANS crossing over this results when non-sister chromatids break and join in a way that maternal and paternal genetic material's exchanged - ANS crossover the failure of chromosomes to separate during anaphase - ANS nondisjunction the most common phenotype in a population - ANS wild type an x chromosome present in a male in one generation must be transmitted to a female in the next generation and the generation after that can be transmitted back to a male - ANS crisscross inheritance genes that are sufficiently close together on a chromosome are considered this - ANS linked groups in which the alleles are present in the same combination as the parents - ANS non recombinants this occurs because 1) crossing over occurs at the 4 strand stage of meiosis but only 2/4 of the strand are included in crossover and 2) when 2 genes are close in a chromosome a crossover may occur not in the interval between the genes but at some other location along the chromosome - ANS non recombinant what does the frequency of recombinants depend on - ANS the distance between the genes the proportion of recombinant chromosomes observed among the total - ANS frequency of recombination a diagram showing the relative position of genes along a chromosome - ANS genetic map a single chromosome is surrounded by a particular combination of single nucleotide polymorphism alleles - ANS mutation these play a role in supporting replication, error correction and readout of information encoding DNA - ANS proteins 5 carbon, a base, and 1 or more phosphate groups - ANS nucleotides double ring structures (adenine and guanine) - ANS purines singe ring structures (thymine and cytosine) - ANS pyrimidines this gives DNA its polarity - ANS phosphodiester bond after replication, each new DNA duplex consists of 1 stand that was originally part of the aprental duplex and 1 newly synthesized strand - ANS semi conservative replication what way does DNA always grow - ANS 5'-3' a daughter strand that has its 3' end pointed toward the replication fork - ANS leading strand a daughter strand that has its 5' end pointed toward the replication fork - ANS lagging strand an enzyme that breaks a DNA double helix, rotates the ends, and seals the break - ANS topoisomerase II this enzyme relieves the stress of unwinding the double helix - ANS topoisomerase II separates the strands of parental double helix at the fork - ANS helicase this does the unwinding of the double helix - ANS helicase process by which DNA polymerase can correct their mistakes by excising and replacing a mismatched base - ANS proofreading any point at which DNA synthesis is initiated - ANS point of replication opening in double helix at each origin of replication - ANS replication bubble repeating sequence of each end of eukaryotic chromosome - ANS telomere enzyme containing an RNA template from which complementary telomere repeats are synthesized - ANS telomerase an unrepaired error error in DNA replication - ANS mutation to specify the amino acid sequence of proteins, DNA acts through an intermediary molecules called - ANS RNA the view that information transfer in a cell usually goes from DNA -- RNA -- protein - ANS central dogma the first step in decoding DNA - ANS transcription