CPCA Exam Study Guide questions with verified
answers
According to Janet Helms' White Racial Identity Development model,
what are the stages that demonstrate an evolution in abandoning racism
and developing a positive identity? Ans✓✓✓ The stages in Janet
Helms' White Racial Identity Development model include contact,
disintegration, reintegration, pseudoindependence, immersion/emersion,
and autonomy.
According to John Bowlby's attachment theory, what are the four phases
of infant attachment, and how do they contribute to the development of a
secure attachment? Ans✓✓✓ John Bowlby's attachment theory includes
the phases of non-focused responsiveness, discriminating attention,
proximity-seeking behavior, and reciprocal relationship. These phases
contribute to the development of a secure attachment, promoting safety
and affecting individuals not only in childhood but also in future
relationships.
According to Poston's biracial identity development model, what are the
five stages that individuals may go through in developing their identity?
Ans✓✓✓ Poston's biracial identity development model includes the
stages of personal identity, choice of group categorization,
enmeshment/denial, appreciation, and integration.
According to Rousseau, what is the innate state of human morality, and
how does society impact this innate goodness? How does Rousseau
propose proper morality can be achieved? Ans✓✓✓ Rousseau believes
humans are innately good, but society corrupts this goodness, leading to
,feelings of greed and jealousy. Proper morality, according to Rousseau,
is attainable through formalized education.
Briefly describe the debate between the active and passive perspectives
on child development. How do advocates of each viewpoint differ in
their beliefs? Provide a concise example from the material. Ans✓✓✓
The debate revolves around whether child development is an active or
passive process. Proponents of the active development viewpoint argue
that children actively shape their environments, even through
unconscious choices. For instance, a child's physical characteristics can
influence how they experience the world. In contrast, advocates of the
passive development perspective believe that external forces, such as the
environment and parents, shape children passively. This perspective
aligns with behavioral counseling theories, emphasizing the significant
influence of external factors on development. Both perspectives
acknowledge the mutual influence between the developing person and
the environment.
Briefly describe the four nested systems of Bronfenbrenner's ecological
model and introduce the concept of the chronosystem. Provide a concise
example for each system. Ans✓✓✓ Bronfenbrenner's ecological model
includes the microsystem (e.g., family, school), mesosystem
(connections between microsystems), exosystem (relationships between
settings not directly experienced), and macrosystem (cultural context).
The chronosystem emphasizes the impact of time on development, with
historical events influencing individuals differently at various
developmental stages. For example, Elder's study on the Great
Depression illustrates how experiencing historical events during
adolescence can shape values and behaviours.
, Briefly explain Piaget's three stages of moral development in children.
Provide an example for each stage. Ans✓✓✓ Piaget's stages include the
Premoral stage (0-4 years), Heteronomous Morality (5-8 years), and
Autonomous Morality (8-12 years). For example, in the Heteronomous
Morality stage, children follow absolute rules to avoid punishment and
engage in cooperative play.
Describe Carl G. Jung's analytical psychology. How did Jung's focus
differ from Freud's, and what is the primary goal of Jungian therapy?
Ans✓✓✓ Analytical psychology, developed by Carl Jung, centers on
achieving individuation—a balanced integration of conscious and
unconscious elements. Unlike Freud's focus on early childhood, Jung
explored the later years of adults' lives. Jung used myth, symbols,
dreams, and archetypes to understand the unconscious, aiming for a
holistic approach to psychological well-being.
Describe Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs and how classical
conditioning was demonstrated in that study. Ans✓✓✓ In Pavlov's
experiment, dogs were trained to salivate at the sound of a bell
(conditioned stimulus, CS) by repeatedly pairing it with the presentation
of meat powder (unconditioned stimulus, UCS), which naturally elicited
salivation (unconditioned response, UCR). Eventually, the bell alone
became a conditioned stimulus (CS) that triggered salivation
(conditioned response, CR).
Describe the psychoanalytic perspective on moral development. How
does social learning theory contribute to the understanding of how
children develop morals? What is the behavioral perspective's stance on
moral development? Ans✓✓✓ The psychoanalytic perspective
emphasizes the formation of the superego through identification with
answers
According to Janet Helms' White Racial Identity Development model,
what are the stages that demonstrate an evolution in abandoning racism
and developing a positive identity? Ans✓✓✓ The stages in Janet
Helms' White Racial Identity Development model include contact,
disintegration, reintegration, pseudoindependence, immersion/emersion,
and autonomy.
According to John Bowlby's attachment theory, what are the four phases
of infant attachment, and how do they contribute to the development of a
secure attachment? Ans✓✓✓ John Bowlby's attachment theory includes
the phases of non-focused responsiveness, discriminating attention,
proximity-seeking behavior, and reciprocal relationship. These phases
contribute to the development of a secure attachment, promoting safety
and affecting individuals not only in childhood but also in future
relationships.
According to Poston's biracial identity development model, what are the
five stages that individuals may go through in developing their identity?
Ans✓✓✓ Poston's biracial identity development model includes the
stages of personal identity, choice of group categorization,
enmeshment/denial, appreciation, and integration.
According to Rousseau, what is the innate state of human morality, and
how does society impact this innate goodness? How does Rousseau
propose proper morality can be achieved? Ans✓✓✓ Rousseau believes
humans are innately good, but society corrupts this goodness, leading to
,feelings of greed and jealousy. Proper morality, according to Rousseau,
is attainable through formalized education.
Briefly describe the debate between the active and passive perspectives
on child development. How do advocates of each viewpoint differ in
their beliefs? Provide a concise example from the material. Ans✓✓✓
The debate revolves around whether child development is an active or
passive process. Proponents of the active development viewpoint argue
that children actively shape their environments, even through
unconscious choices. For instance, a child's physical characteristics can
influence how they experience the world. In contrast, advocates of the
passive development perspective believe that external forces, such as the
environment and parents, shape children passively. This perspective
aligns with behavioral counseling theories, emphasizing the significant
influence of external factors on development. Both perspectives
acknowledge the mutual influence between the developing person and
the environment.
Briefly describe the four nested systems of Bronfenbrenner's ecological
model and introduce the concept of the chronosystem. Provide a concise
example for each system. Ans✓✓✓ Bronfenbrenner's ecological model
includes the microsystem (e.g., family, school), mesosystem
(connections between microsystems), exosystem (relationships between
settings not directly experienced), and macrosystem (cultural context).
The chronosystem emphasizes the impact of time on development, with
historical events influencing individuals differently at various
developmental stages. For example, Elder's study on the Great
Depression illustrates how experiencing historical events during
adolescence can shape values and behaviours.
, Briefly explain Piaget's three stages of moral development in children.
Provide an example for each stage. Ans✓✓✓ Piaget's stages include the
Premoral stage (0-4 years), Heteronomous Morality (5-8 years), and
Autonomous Morality (8-12 years). For example, in the Heteronomous
Morality stage, children follow absolute rules to avoid punishment and
engage in cooperative play.
Describe Carl G. Jung's analytical psychology. How did Jung's focus
differ from Freud's, and what is the primary goal of Jungian therapy?
Ans✓✓✓ Analytical psychology, developed by Carl Jung, centers on
achieving individuation—a balanced integration of conscious and
unconscious elements. Unlike Freud's focus on early childhood, Jung
explored the later years of adults' lives. Jung used myth, symbols,
dreams, and archetypes to understand the unconscious, aiming for a
holistic approach to psychological well-being.
Describe Ivan Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs and how classical
conditioning was demonstrated in that study. Ans✓✓✓ In Pavlov's
experiment, dogs were trained to salivate at the sound of a bell
(conditioned stimulus, CS) by repeatedly pairing it with the presentation
of meat powder (unconditioned stimulus, UCS), which naturally elicited
salivation (unconditioned response, UCR). Eventually, the bell alone
became a conditioned stimulus (CS) that triggered salivation
(conditioned response, CR).
Describe the psychoanalytic perspective on moral development. How
does social learning theory contribute to the understanding of how
children develop morals? What is the behavioral perspective's stance on
moral development? Ans✓✓✓ The psychoanalytic perspective
emphasizes the formation of the superego through identification with
