NR 507 FINAL EXAM |NR 507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST 2025 UPDATE |WITH
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS|PRE- EVALUATED A+ |BRAND NEW!!
Dermatomes - CORRECT ANS - area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches
of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve
root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - CORRECT ANS - Acetylcholine- Excitatory or
inhibitory- Alzheimer’s
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson
disease
Spondylolysis - CORRECT ANS - structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or
developmental defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining
of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is
affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - CORRECT ANS - Parietal lobe- major area
for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent
to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus
forming the primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
,Ischemic penumbra - CORRECT ANS - ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable)
tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - CORRECT ANS - ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale
and soft 6-12 hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves
around the 2nd week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins - CORRECT ANS - Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate
glutamate release and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - CORRECT ANS - the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L
angular gyrus (Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - CORRECT ANS - Bleeding into the subarachnoid
space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots,
impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - CORRECT ANS - Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus
bacteria are most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
, Prostate cancer prevention - CORRECT ANS - -Eat a low-fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - CORRECT ANS - - Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis,
renal insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANS - - fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - CORRECT ANS - -Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
Cushing's disease - CORRECT ANS - - Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH
(Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as
small cell carcinoma of the lung. Or adrenal tumor (rare)
Hypernatremia, Hypertension, INCREASED blood volume, Hypokalemia,
Hyperglycemia, weight gain, thin hair, moon face, easy bruising, buffalo hump,
protein wasting
Cause of hypoparathyroidism - CORRECT ANS - -decreased PTH
-Damage to or removal of the parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery.
genetic syndromes, familial hypoparathyroidism, DiGeorge syndrome, and
idiopathic, or autoimmune
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST 2025 UPDATE |WITH
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS|PRE- EVALUATED A+ |BRAND NEW!!
Dermatomes - CORRECT ANS - area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches
of a single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve
root at the spinal cord, and their branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - CORRECT ANS - Acetylcholine- Excitatory or
inhibitory- Alzheimer’s
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson
disease
Spondylolysis - CORRECT ANS - structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or
developmental defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining
of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is
affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - CORRECT ANS - Parietal lobe- major area
for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent
to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus
forming the primary voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
,Ischemic penumbra - CORRECT ANS - ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable)
tissue. Peri-infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - CORRECT ANS - ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale
and soft 6-12 hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves
around the 2nd week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins - CORRECT ANS - Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate
glutamate release and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - CORRECT ANS - the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L
angular gyrus (Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - CORRECT ANS - Bleeding into the subarachnoid
space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots,
impairs CSF circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
Meningitis - CORRECT ANS - Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus
bacteria are most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
, Prostate cancer prevention - CORRECT ANS - -Eat a low-fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - CORRECT ANS - - Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis,
renal insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANS - - fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - CORRECT ANS - -Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
Cushing's disease - CORRECT ANS - - Excess endogenous secretion of ACTH
(Corticotropin).
-from a pituitary adenoma or by an ectopic secreting non pituitary tumor such as
small cell carcinoma of the lung. Or adrenal tumor (rare)
Hypernatremia, Hypertension, INCREASED blood volume, Hypokalemia,
Hyperglycemia, weight gain, thin hair, moon face, easy bruising, buffalo hump,
protein wasting
Cause of hypoparathyroidism - CORRECT ANS - -decreased PTH
-Damage to or removal of the parathyroid gland during thyroid surgery.
genetic syndromes, familial hypoparathyroidism, DiGeorge syndrome, and
idiopathic, or autoimmune
