Pathophysiology Exam 1 Rasmussen: Questions and Answer Key

3 stages of adaptation (GAS) - ANSWER alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion 4 topics of pathophysiology - ANSWER etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatment 5 cardinal signs of inflammation - ANSWER heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function 7 warning signs of cancer - ANSWER (CAUTION) Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness active immunity - ANSWER A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens. active transport - ANSWER requires energy, against the gradient from low concentration to high (ex: endocytosis (entering cell), exocytosis(exiting cell), and protein pumps) acute - ANSWER sudden onset and short duration adaptation/resistance stage - ANSWER trying to return to homeotasis alarm stage - ANSWER fight or flight response reduced resistance to stressors release catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone) antimicrobial resistance - ANSWER occurs when pathogens undergo changes that allow them to resist antimicrobials (Ex: MRSA) atopic dermatitis - ANSWER Excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants. (eczema) Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in blood) - ANSWER 23-30 mEq/L Calcium value normal range - ANSWER 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L causes of edema - ANSWER increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability Causes of extracellular fluid deficits - ANSWER loss of total body sodium-Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, diuretics or kidney failure. chronic - ANSWER long term clinical manifestation - ANSWER signs and symptoms or evidence of disease Components of the Immune System - ANSWER (1) skin and mucous membranes; (2) the mononuclear phagocyte system; (3) the lymphoid system, including spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes; and (4) bone marrow. AND B cells; T cells condition of high calcium 11mg/dL - ANSWER hypercalcemia Condition of high chloride 106 mEq/L - ANSWER Hyperchloremia Condition of high magnesium 2.5 mEq/L - ANSWER Hypermagesemia Condition of high phosphate 4.5 mg/dL - ANSWER Hyperphosphatemia Condition of high potassium 5 mEq/L - ANSWER Hyperkalemia Condition of high sodium145 mEq/L - ANSWER hypernatremia condition of low calcium 9mg/dL - ANSWER hypocalcemia Condition of low chloride 96 mEq/L - ANSWER hypochloremia Condition of low magnesium 1.5 mEq/L - ANSWER hypomagnesemia condition of low phosphate 2.5 mg/dL - ANSWER hypophophatemia Condition of low potassium 3.5 mEq/L - ANSWER hypokalemia Condition of sodium 135 mEq/L - ANSWER hyponatremia / hypernatremia Define cachexia - ANSWER weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness Define endotoxins - ANSWER Stays INSIDE the cell. can lead to septic define exotoxins - ANSWER those toxins which are secreted in the area surrounding a cell Define Leukopenia - ANSWER decrease in WBC Define metastasis - ANSWER The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site Define thrombocytopenia - ANSWER low platelet count Dehydration (etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment) - ANSWER Causes: vomiting, diarrhea, removal of saline from the body causes extracellular volume deficit and removal of extra water from the body causes hypernatremia, the combination is dehydration. S/S: hard stools, sudden weight loss, rapid pulse, oliguria, prolonged capillary refill time, decreased skin turgor, dry mouth, absence of sweat and tears, confusion, lethargy, thirst Treatment: replenish fluids PO or IV Difference between osmosis and diffusion - ANSWER osmosis is the diffusion of water and diffusion is the movement of any type of molecule across the cell membrane from a high to low concentration. Etiology - ANSWER The study of the causes and origins of disease exacerbation - ANSWER a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs and symptom example of hypersensitivity type 1 - ANSWER allergic reaction example of hypersensitivity type 2 - ANSWER transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of a newborn Example of hypersensitivity type 3 - ANSWER immune complex reactions Example of primary prevention - ANSWER Immunization, health/sex ed, quit smoking drinking or poor diet. Examples of active immunity - ANSWER natural infection, vaccines, toxoid Examples of passive immunity - ANSWER IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies) examples of secondary prevention - ANSWER Self breast exams, yearly cancer screenings, proper management of diabetes Examples of tertiary prevention - ANSWER rehabilitation after brain injury, surgery to correct chronic or recurring illness, medication to prevent chronic symptoms exhaustion stage - ANSWER cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources depleted, disease process sets in and permanent symptoms show up. Fibromyalgia - ANSWER chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue function of mitochondria - ANSWER Cellular respiration, makes ATP. Gout - ANSWER hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints Herpes - ANSWER A viral infection causing small painful blisters and inflammation, most commonly at the junction of skin and mucous membrane in the mouth or nose or in the genitals (1 above waist, 2 below) Goes dormant and can come back as shingles. Hormones released during GAS - ANSWER catecholamines (epi and norepi) adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldosterone) endorphines and enkephalins (endogenous opiods, increase pain threshold, produce sedation and euphoria) Immune cytokines (enhance immune system, when prolonged they suppress it) Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) Growth hormone Oxytocin (female "tend+befriend" vs fight or flight) Hypercalcemia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: hyperparathyroidism, malignant tumors, kidney failure, excessive calcium or vitamin d supplements, prolonged immobility Treatment: Cardiac monitoring, interventions depend on cause but drug therapy can be used to reduce levels. If caused by diuretics, dosage changed/discontinued Hypercalcemia S/S - ANSWER Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria, confusion, increased HR and BP, Dysrhythmias, blood clots form easily, risk for DVT Hyperkalemia causes and treatment - ANSWER Causes: ACE inhibitors, kidney failure, multiple blood transfusions, excessive or too rapid IV potassium Treatment: Excrete excess potassium (with drugs), force potassium from ECF back into cells Hyperkalemia S/S - ANSWER Mild cramping, hype