GMS 6121 Exam 4 Questions with Correct Answers Graded A+
Route to CNS - Answers -Blood to BBB to brain (most freq./penetration of BBB difficult)
-Direct (trauma, surgery) Most bacterial meningitis is nosocomial, not community-acquired.
- Via the nerves (rabies virus)
Anatomy - Answers cranium - skull
Meninges
- 3 membranes that surround the brain
brain
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brain stem
Blood brain barrier at vascular endothelium
ventricles
spinal cord
Diseases - Answers -Meningitis: infect. of the meninges
-Encephalitis: infect. of the brain parenchyma
-Brain abscess
-Myelitis: infect. of the spinal cord
Meningitis Clinical Presentation - Answers -acute (bact. some viruses)
-subacute (slower org's)
-chronic (fungi, Mycobacterium)
Epidemiology
- community-acquired vs. nosocomial
-sporadic vs. epidemic
Meningitis symptoms - Answers - headache
, - stiff neck
- neurologic dysfunction: lethargy, confusion
- vomiting
Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis - Answers - cerebrospinal fluid analysis (by lumbar puncture)
- gram stain, presence of/elevated leuk's, predominant PMN, decreased glucose, elevated protein
Treatment for Meningitis - Answers -prompt abx. treatment
- anti-inflammatory agents
-reduce intracranial pressure
Defenses of the CNS (meningitis) - Answers -low complement in CSF
- microglia - phagocytes
Meningitis damage - Answers - inflammation
- PMNS
- vasogenic edema (leakage of fluid out of capillaries into the brain)
- impaired blood flow
- ischemia (lack of oxygen and blood in parts of the body)
- cell death
Acute bacterial meningitis signs - Answers - elevated leukocytes (>1,000) norm: 0-6
predominant/increase in PMN (neutrophils >50) norm: 0
- decreased glucose (<40mg/dL) norm: 40 - 80
- elevated protein (>100) norm: 20 - 50
-rbcs (0 - 10) norm: 0 - 2
Acute bacterial meningitis- newborns/neonates - Answers - Group B streptococci
- E. coli K1
*- Listeria monocytogenes
Acute bacterial meningitis- infants/children up to 24 months - Answers - Streptococcus pneumoniae
Route to CNS - Answers -Blood to BBB to brain (most freq./penetration of BBB difficult)
-Direct (trauma, surgery) Most bacterial meningitis is nosocomial, not community-acquired.
- Via the nerves (rabies virus)
Anatomy - Answers cranium - skull
Meninges
- 3 membranes that surround the brain
brain
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brain stem
Blood brain barrier at vascular endothelium
ventricles
spinal cord
Diseases - Answers -Meningitis: infect. of the meninges
-Encephalitis: infect. of the brain parenchyma
-Brain abscess
-Myelitis: infect. of the spinal cord
Meningitis Clinical Presentation - Answers -acute (bact. some viruses)
-subacute (slower org's)
-chronic (fungi, Mycobacterium)
Epidemiology
- community-acquired vs. nosocomial
-sporadic vs. epidemic
Meningitis symptoms - Answers - headache
, - stiff neck
- neurologic dysfunction: lethargy, confusion
- vomiting
Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis - Answers - cerebrospinal fluid analysis (by lumbar puncture)
- gram stain, presence of/elevated leuk's, predominant PMN, decreased glucose, elevated protein
Treatment for Meningitis - Answers -prompt abx. treatment
- anti-inflammatory agents
-reduce intracranial pressure
Defenses of the CNS (meningitis) - Answers -low complement in CSF
- microglia - phagocytes
Meningitis damage - Answers - inflammation
- PMNS
- vasogenic edema (leakage of fluid out of capillaries into the brain)
- impaired blood flow
- ischemia (lack of oxygen and blood in parts of the body)
- cell death
Acute bacterial meningitis signs - Answers - elevated leukocytes (>1,000) norm: 0-6
predominant/increase in PMN (neutrophils >50) norm: 0
- decreased glucose (<40mg/dL) norm: 40 - 80
- elevated protein (>100) norm: 20 - 50
-rbcs (0 - 10) norm: 0 - 2
Acute bacterial meningitis- newborns/neonates - Answers - Group B streptococci
- E. coli K1
*- Listeria monocytogenes
Acute bacterial meningitis- infants/children up to 24 months - Answers - Streptococcus pneumoniae
