NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE
ANSWERS
Acute renal failure - Accurate answers Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are
functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - Accurate answers Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult;
can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - Accurate answers Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - Accurate answers Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk
factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - Accurate answers End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage
of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point,
the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for
dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include
salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - Accurate answers There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
, 90-120
Stage II CKD - Accurate answers There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - Accurate answers There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - Accurate answers There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - Accurate answers Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney
transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - Accurate answers Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
GERD - Accurate answers Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
Hiatal Hernia - Accurate answers Often asymptomatic
Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated with other GI disorders,
primarily GERD
--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals can diminish reflux by eating small,
frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position after eating. Abdominal supports and tight clothing
are avoided and weight control recommended for obese individuals.
Duodenal Ulcer - Accurate answers Characteristic manifestation = chronic intermittent pain in
epigastric area
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE
ANSWERS
Acute renal failure - Accurate answers Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are
functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - Accurate answers Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult;
can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - Accurate answers Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - Accurate answers Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk
factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - Accurate answers End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage
of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point,
the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for
dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include
salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - Accurate answers There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
, 90-120
Stage II CKD - Accurate answers There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - Accurate answers There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - Accurate answers There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - Accurate answers Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney
transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - Accurate answers Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
GERD - Accurate answers Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
Hiatal Hernia - Accurate answers Often asymptomatic
Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated with other GI disorders,
primarily GERD
--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals can diminish reflux by eating small,
frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position after eating. Abdominal supports and tight clothing
are avoided and weight control recommended for obese individuals.
Duodenal Ulcer - Accurate answers Characteristic manifestation = chronic intermittent pain in
epigastric area
