BIOL 540 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT!1
______________ is the molecule central to all metabolic pathways. -
ANSWERGlucose
What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates? - ANSWER(CH2O)n n>/= 3
What are the 4 isomeric forms of carbohydrates? - ANSWER1. Consitutional
Isomers = different locations of functional groups
- ALDOSE = terminal C=O
- KETOSE = internal C=O
2. Enantiomers = non-superimposable mirror images
- D-FORM = farthest C from C=O has OH on right
- L-FORM = farthest C from C=O has OH on left
3. Epimers = 2+ chiral centers; differ at one position
Ex. D-mannose vs D-glucose
4. Anomers = epimers describing cyclic saccharides
- ALPHA = cis at C-OH that was C=O
- BETA = trans at C-OH that was C=O
What are the different types of saccharides and their function? -
ANSWERMONOSACCHARIDE = 1 sugar
DISACCHARIDE = 2 sugars = immediate energy
OLIGOSACCHARIDE = 5-15 sugars = targeting, protection
POLYSACCHARIDE = 15+ sugars = stored energy (not as long-term as fat)
Glucose metabolism depends on _________________ and _________________. -
ANSWERcell type
oxygenation
Insulin stimulates glucose ___________. - ANSWERuptake
Describe the mechanism of insulin effects. - ANSWERinsulin binds to insulin
receptor --> kinase signaling cascade --> positive effector of movement of
microvesicle with GLUT 4 --> GLUT 4 moves to membrane --> glucose uptake
What are the aerobic and anaerobic portions of glucose metabolism? -
ANSWERANAEROBIC
D-glucose --GLYCOLYSIS--> 2 pyruvate -->
, AEROBIC
--PDH--> 2 acetyl CoA --TCA CYCLE--> 4 CO2
Describe the cellular responses to glucose in:
1) RBCs
2) Brain Tissue
3) Muscle/Heart Tissue
4) Adipose
5) Liver - ANSWERUNIQUE STEPS OF EACH:
RBCs
- GLUT 1
- glucose 6-P --> pentose phosphates
- glucose 6-P --> lactate --> out of cell
- no TCA cycle
BRAIN
- GLUT 3
MUSCLE/HEART
- GLUT 4
- glucose 6-P <--> glycogen
- pyruvate --> lactate --> out of cell
ADIPOSE
- GLUT 4
- glucose 6-P <--> glycogen
- pyruvate --> acetyl CoA --> fat
LIVER
- GLUT 2
- glucose 6-P --> pentose phosphates + glucuronids + glycogen
- acetyl CoA --> TCA cycle + fat (--> VLDL)
Describe each stage of glycolysis. - ANSWERPRIMING STAGE
glucose --**(HEXOKINASE)-->
glucose 6-P --(PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE)-->
fructose 6-P --**(6-PHOSPHOFRUCTO-1-KINASE)-->
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
SPLITTING STAGE
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate --(FRUCTOSE-BIPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE-A)-->
1) dihydroxyacetone phosphate
2) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
OXIDOREDUCTION-PHOSPHORYLATION STAGE
glyceraldehyde 3-P --(GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-P DEHYDROGENASE)-->
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate --(PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE) -->
3-phosphoglycerate --(PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE)-->
ANSWERS 100% CORRECT!1
______________ is the molecule central to all metabolic pathways. -
ANSWERGlucose
What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates? - ANSWER(CH2O)n n>/= 3
What are the 4 isomeric forms of carbohydrates? - ANSWER1. Consitutional
Isomers = different locations of functional groups
- ALDOSE = terminal C=O
- KETOSE = internal C=O
2. Enantiomers = non-superimposable mirror images
- D-FORM = farthest C from C=O has OH on right
- L-FORM = farthest C from C=O has OH on left
3. Epimers = 2+ chiral centers; differ at one position
Ex. D-mannose vs D-glucose
4. Anomers = epimers describing cyclic saccharides
- ALPHA = cis at C-OH that was C=O
- BETA = trans at C-OH that was C=O
What are the different types of saccharides and their function? -
ANSWERMONOSACCHARIDE = 1 sugar
DISACCHARIDE = 2 sugars = immediate energy
OLIGOSACCHARIDE = 5-15 sugars = targeting, protection
POLYSACCHARIDE = 15+ sugars = stored energy (not as long-term as fat)
Glucose metabolism depends on _________________ and _________________. -
ANSWERcell type
oxygenation
Insulin stimulates glucose ___________. - ANSWERuptake
Describe the mechanism of insulin effects. - ANSWERinsulin binds to insulin
receptor --> kinase signaling cascade --> positive effector of movement of
microvesicle with GLUT 4 --> GLUT 4 moves to membrane --> glucose uptake
What are the aerobic and anaerobic portions of glucose metabolism? -
ANSWERANAEROBIC
D-glucose --GLYCOLYSIS--> 2 pyruvate -->
, AEROBIC
--PDH--> 2 acetyl CoA --TCA CYCLE--> 4 CO2
Describe the cellular responses to glucose in:
1) RBCs
2) Brain Tissue
3) Muscle/Heart Tissue
4) Adipose
5) Liver - ANSWERUNIQUE STEPS OF EACH:
RBCs
- GLUT 1
- glucose 6-P --> pentose phosphates
- glucose 6-P --> lactate --> out of cell
- no TCA cycle
BRAIN
- GLUT 3
MUSCLE/HEART
- GLUT 4
- glucose 6-P <--> glycogen
- pyruvate --> lactate --> out of cell
ADIPOSE
- GLUT 4
- glucose 6-P <--> glycogen
- pyruvate --> acetyl CoA --> fat
LIVER
- GLUT 2
- glucose 6-P --> pentose phosphates + glucuronids + glycogen
- acetyl CoA --> TCA cycle + fat (--> VLDL)
Describe each stage of glycolysis. - ANSWERPRIMING STAGE
glucose --**(HEXOKINASE)-->
glucose 6-P --(PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE)-->
fructose 6-P --**(6-PHOSPHOFRUCTO-1-KINASE)-->
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
SPLITTING STAGE
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate --(FRUCTOSE-BIPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE-A)-->
1) dihydroxyacetone phosphate
2) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
OXIDOREDUCTION-PHOSPHORYLATION STAGE
glyceraldehyde 3-P --(GLYCERALDEHYDE 3-P DEHYDROGENASE)-->
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate --(PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE) -->
3-phosphoglycerate --(PHOSPHOGLYCERATE MUTASE)-->
