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Expert solutions
Bio 2301 Human Physiology - Exam 3
Questions and Answers (100% Correct
Answers) Already Graded A+
Where do blood cells develop?
✓✓ - Red bone marrow
- About 2 million new RBCs are produced every second
RBC development steps
✓✓ - Hemosytoblast (occurs in red bone marrow)
- Reticulocyte (young RBC - red bone marrow)
- Erythrocyte (REC - occurs in blood stream)
Hematopoiesis
✓✓ Blood cell formation
Erythropoiesis
✓✓ Red blood cell formation
Function and types of white blood cells
✓✓ - Function in phagocytosis, immunity, protection
- Types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
Function of platelets
✓✓ Play a role in blood clotting
Function of RBCs
✓✓ - Oxygen transport
What is the significance of a bioconcave disk shape of RBCs?
✓✓ Allows for a high surface to volume ratio so oxygen and carbon dioxide can
diffuse rapidly to and from the interior of the RBC
,2
Expert solutions
Function of erythropoietin
✓✓ - A hormone made by the kidney that stimulates RBC production
- Released whenever pO2 is low (lung disease, heart disease, anemia, or high
altitudes)
RBC average life in the circulation
✓✓ - Lifespan of RBC: 120 days
- During their lifespan they carry oxygen
- As they approach the end of their lifespan, they become stiff and rigid and
become stuck in small blood vessels - must be removed from blood
Removal of RBCs from the blood
✓✓ - Done in the small capillaries of liver and spleen
- When RBCs get stuck in those capillaries, they are destroyed by phagocytic cells
Breakdown of RBCs
✓✓
What happens when bilirubin accumulates?
✓✓ - The person will turn yellow because bilirubin is a yellow-orange pigment
- Can happen when RBCs are being broken down too fast or if the bile can't get
into the small intestine or with liver failure
Antigen
✓✓ - on RBC membranes
- Like "cell name tags"
- Recognized by cells of the immune system so the immune system knows which
RBC are "self" and which are "non-self"
Antibody
✓✓ - Consists of antigens A & B and antibodies against A & B
- A & B antigens are codominant
- The antibodies are preformed, meaning that you have them even if you have
never been exposed to foreign blood
- Whatever antigens you have is what blood type you are
- You have antibodies against whatever antigens you don't have
, 3
Expert solutions
Four blood types in the ABO system
✓✓ - Type AB: has A & B antigents on RBC and no antibodies
- Type A: has antigens on RBC and antibodies against B in plasma
- Type B: has antigens on RBC and antibodies against A in plasma
- Type O: has no antigens on RBC and antibodies against A & B
Rh System
✓✓ - Involves a different antigen on the RBC membranes, the Rh antigen
- If someone has the antigen, they are Rh positive and they will not make the
antibodies against Rh
- If someone does not have the antigen, they are Rh negative and they will make
antibodies against Rh
Erythroblastosis fetalis
✓✓ - A problem when you have an Rh negative mother pregnant with Rh
positive baby
- During pregnancy, there is no mixing of mother's and baby's blood, however at
the time of placental separation, some of the baby's blood can enter the mother's
bloodstream
- The mother recognizes the RH antigens as foreign and fights against those RBCs
by making antibodies against RH
- The next time a woman gets pregnant with an Rh positive baby, her antibodies
will enter that baby's bloodstream and destroy the baby's RBCs - if that baby lives
to be born, it will be very anemic and need a complete blood transfusion at birth
How do you prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?
✓✓ RHoGAM injections given to Rh negative mothers during pregnancy?
What is hemostasis?
✓✓ The stoppage of bleeding and consists of three processes: vasospasm, platelet
plug formation, and blood clotting
Vasospasm
✓✓ - Mechanism: the damaged blood vessel spasms down - caused by a reflex of
the blood vessel and serotonin that is released by the damaged blood vessel
- Significance: decreases blood loss from that vessel - you get more vasospasm
with increased damage to the vessel
Platelet plug formation steps of development
Expert solutions
Bio 2301 Human Physiology - Exam 3
Questions and Answers (100% Correct
Answers) Already Graded A+
Where do blood cells develop?
✓✓ - Red bone marrow
- About 2 million new RBCs are produced every second
RBC development steps
✓✓ - Hemosytoblast (occurs in red bone marrow)
- Reticulocyte (young RBC - red bone marrow)
- Erythrocyte (REC - occurs in blood stream)
Hematopoiesis
✓✓ Blood cell formation
Erythropoiesis
✓✓ Red blood cell formation
Function and types of white blood cells
✓✓ - Function in phagocytosis, immunity, protection
- Types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
Function of platelets
✓✓ Play a role in blood clotting
Function of RBCs
✓✓ - Oxygen transport
What is the significance of a bioconcave disk shape of RBCs?
✓✓ Allows for a high surface to volume ratio so oxygen and carbon dioxide can
diffuse rapidly to and from the interior of the RBC
,2
Expert solutions
Function of erythropoietin
✓✓ - A hormone made by the kidney that stimulates RBC production
- Released whenever pO2 is low (lung disease, heart disease, anemia, or high
altitudes)
RBC average life in the circulation
✓✓ - Lifespan of RBC: 120 days
- During their lifespan they carry oxygen
- As they approach the end of their lifespan, they become stiff and rigid and
become stuck in small blood vessels - must be removed from blood
Removal of RBCs from the blood
✓✓ - Done in the small capillaries of liver and spleen
- When RBCs get stuck in those capillaries, they are destroyed by phagocytic cells
Breakdown of RBCs
✓✓
What happens when bilirubin accumulates?
✓✓ - The person will turn yellow because bilirubin is a yellow-orange pigment
- Can happen when RBCs are being broken down too fast or if the bile can't get
into the small intestine or with liver failure
Antigen
✓✓ - on RBC membranes
- Like "cell name tags"
- Recognized by cells of the immune system so the immune system knows which
RBC are "self" and which are "non-self"
Antibody
✓✓ - Consists of antigens A & B and antibodies against A & B
- A & B antigens are codominant
- The antibodies are preformed, meaning that you have them even if you have
never been exposed to foreign blood
- Whatever antigens you have is what blood type you are
- You have antibodies against whatever antigens you don't have
, 3
Expert solutions
Four blood types in the ABO system
✓✓ - Type AB: has A & B antigents on RBC and no antibodies
- Type A: has antigens on RBC and antibodies against B in plasma
- Type B: has antigens on RBC and antibodies against A in plasma
- Type O: has no antigens on RBC and antibodies against A & B
Rh System
✓✓ - Involves a different antigen on the RBC membranes, the Rh antigen
- If someone has the antigen, they are Rh positive and they will not make the
antibodies against Rh
- If someone does not have the antigen, they are Rh negative and they will make
antibodies against Rh
Erythroblastosis fetalis
✓✓ - A problem when you have an Rh negative mother pregnant with Rh
positive baby
- During pregnancy, there is no mixing of mother's and baby's blood, however at
the time of placental separation, some of the baby's blood can enter the mother's
bloodstream
- The mother recognizes the RH antigens as foreign and fights against those RBCs
by making antibodies against RH
- The next time a woman gets pregnant with an Rh positive baby, her antibodies
will enter that baby's bloodstream and destroy the baby's RBCs - if that baby lives
to be born, it will be very anemic and need a complete blood transfusion at birth
How do you prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?
✓✓ RHoGAM injections given to Rh negative mothers during pregnancy?
What is hemostasis?
✓✓ The stoppage of bleeding and consists of three processes: vasospasm, platelet
plug formation, and blood clotting
Vasospasm
✓✓ - Mechanism: the damaged blood vessel spasms down - caused by a reflex of
the blood vessel and serotonin that is released by the damaged blood vessel
- Significance: decreases blood loss from that vessel - you get more vasospasm
with increased damage to the vessel
Platelet plug formation steps of development
