Solution Manual for Statistics for Nursing Research A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice 3rd Edition Susan Grove Daisha

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Statistics for Nursing m/y m/y




m/y Research A Workbook m/y m /y




for Evidence-Based
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m/y Practice 3rd Edition
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m/y SusanGroveDaisha
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, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y




EXERC ISE
Identifying Levels /y
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1
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m / y ofMeasurement: Nominal, m/y m/ y




Ordinal, Interval, and m/ y m / y m / y




Ratio m / y




Thequestionsareinboldfollowedbyanswers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
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rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories m /y m/y m/y m /y m/y m /y m/y m/y m /y m/y m /y m/y m/y




were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
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subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more
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than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not
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measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
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considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
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2019).
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2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
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foryour answer.
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Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
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were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed
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m drug for thissample.
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3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
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Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
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Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement m /y m /y m / y m /y m /y m /y m /y m /y m /y m /y m /y m /y




resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017).
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Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove &
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Gray,2017; Knapp, 2017).
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4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:What m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m
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category identifies your current income as an RN?
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a. Less than$50,000
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b. $50,000 to 59,999
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c. $60,000to69,999
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d. $70,000 to 80,000
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e. $80,000orgreater
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What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
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the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
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ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
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AG 1-1 m/y

,AG 1-2 m/y Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded m / y m / y m / y m / y m / y m / y




categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries /y
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(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
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or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to
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greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from
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the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;
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Waltz et al., 2017).
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5. What level of measurement is the CDS score?Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale m /y m/y m/y m /y m/y m/y m /y m /y m /y m /y m /y m/y m/y m/y m /y m /y m/y




developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on
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a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms.
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The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the
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interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
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6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
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cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe m /y m /y m /y m/y m / y m / y m / y m / y m / y m / y m / y




m CDS scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in
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Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim &
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Mallory, 2017).
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7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
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this result.
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Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater m/y m/y m /y m /y m /y m /y m/y m/y m /y m/y m/y m/y m/y




NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were
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depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
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depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
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patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
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depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in
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higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
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8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
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antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole
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percent (%).
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Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 m/y m /y m/y m /y m /y m/y m /y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m /y m/y m /y m /y m /y m/y m /y m/y m /y m/y m /y m/y m /y




patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients
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mnot treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is
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mcalculated by the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) ×
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100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8%
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= 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the
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mquestion. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants
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from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
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9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
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clinical practice?
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Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal, m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y m/y




steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
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determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score
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mcould be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional
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mstatusof cardiac patients.
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, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded AG 1-3m / y m / y m / y m / y m / y m / y m/y




10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
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the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
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Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith
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the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting
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objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith
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values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scaleand the
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subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such
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as means and SDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
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