KPE160: Module 8 | Exam Questions with Complete Solutions 100% Solved| Grade A+
Information Processing is Limited... Distractor interference, inattentional blindness, change
blindness.
Distractor Interference Inability to select target from non-target information, and non-target
processing hinders target processing. Looking at compatibility and congruency for the most
part.
E.g. Stroop effect, object and action selection.
Inattentional Blindness Even highly salient information can be missed if visual attention is
focused on something else. Impossible to pay attention to everything. Goal vs non-goal. Doesn't
enter long-term storage.
E.g. Gorilla in basketball game.
Change Blindness Reduced capacity to detect changes in the environment due to limitations
in attention and working memory. Salient vs not salient enough.
E.g. Colours are too similar.
Response Selection (Decision) Actor decides what action to complete.
- Multiple possible actions associated with a stimulus.
- Potential action plans compete for selection.
- Select the plan likely to have the greatest probability of achieving our goal (expected value).
- Inhibit alternative/inappropriate responses.
- Requires cognitive resources - working memory.
End result - general motor plan (representation).
Response Selection: Grasp Type and Orientation 1. Different actions possible.
2. Goal informs "best" grasp type.
, 3. Goal informs "best" orientation.
End-State Comfort Effect Action planning to efficiently achieve goal completion.
Response Programming (Action) Determine characteristics (parameters) of motor plan
required to achieve the goal. Direction, amplitude, endpoint, force, velocity,
initiation/duration/termination, etc.
Generate a specific motor program: representation of timing and forces of muscle contractions
that is converted into a set of muscle contractions to achieve movement goal.
What Do Motor Programs Specify? Set of pre-structured motor commands. Analogous to a
computer program. Represented by a series of neural networks distributed throughout the
CNS.
- Which muscles are involved.
- Order of muscle involvement.
- Relative forces of each muscle.
- Relative timing and sequencing of contractions.
- Duration of each contraction.
- Postural adjustments prior to action.
Open-Loop Output System Output based solely on motor program.
Closed-Loop Output System Results of output fed back into the system. Motor program
does not achieve desired goal. Error detection leads to corrective responses.
Factors Affecting Reaction Time: Response Selection Number of alternative responses and
stimulus-response compatibility.
Information Processing is Limited... Distractor interference, inattentional blindness, change
blindness.
Distractor Interference Inability to select target from non-target information, and non-target
processing hinders target processing. Looking at compatibility and congruency for the most
part.
E.g. Stroop effect, object and action selection.
Inattentional Blindness Even highly salient information can be missed if visual attention is
focused on something else. Impossible to pay attention to everything. Goal vs non-goal. Doesn't
enter long-term storage.
E.g. Gorilla in basketball game.
Change Blindness Reduced capacity to detect changes in the environment due to limitations
in attention and working memory. Salient vs not salient enough.
E.g. Colours are too similar.
Response Selection (Decision) Actor decides what action to complete.
- Multiple possible actions associated with a stimulus.
- Potential action plans compete for selection.
- Select the plan likely to have the greatest probability of achieving our goal (expected value).
- Inhibit alternative/inappropriate responses.
- Requires cognitive resources - working memory.
End result - general motor plan (representation).
Response Selection: Grasp Type and Orientation 1. Different actions possible.
2. Goal informs "best" grasp type.
, 3. Goal informs "best" orientation.
End-State Comfort Effect Action planning to efficiently achieve goal completion.
Response Programming (Action) Determine characteristics (parameters) of motor plan
required to achieve the goal. Direction, amplitude, endpoint, force, velocity,
initiation/duration/termination, etc.
Generate a specific motor program: representation of timing and forces of muscle contractions
that is converted into a set of muscle contractions to achieve movement goal.
What Do Motor Programs Specify? Set of pre-structured motor commands. Analogous to a
computer program. Represented by a series of neural networks distributed throughout the
CNS.
- Which muscles are involved.
- Order of muscle involvement.
- Relative forces of each muscle.
- Relative timing and sequencing of contractions.
- Duration of each contraction.
- Postural adjustments prior to action.
Open-Loop Output System Output based solely on motor program.
Closed-Loop Output System Results of output fed back into the system. Motor program
does not achieve desired goal. Error detection leads to corrective responses.
Factors Affecting Reaction Time: Response Selection Number of alternative responses and
stimulus-response compatibility.
