nur-2063-essentials-pathophysiology-rasmussen-college
1. Homeostasis & Cellular Adaptation
1. Q: What is homeostasis?
A: Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
2. Q: What is cellular atrophy?
A: A decrease in cell size due to reduced use, blood supply, or nutrition.
3. Q: Define hypertrophy.
A: Increase in cell size due to increased workload.
4. Q: What is hyperplasia?
A: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
5. Q: What is metaplasia?
A: A reversible change where one cell type replaces another.
6. Q: Give an example of dysplasia.
A: Abnormal changes in cervical cells in response to HPV.
2. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
7. Q: What electrolyte is primarily extracellular?
A: Sodium (Na⁺).
8. Q: What condition is associated with low sodium levels?
A: Hyponatremia.
9. Q: What are signs of hypokalemia?
A: Muscle weakness, arrhythmias, and fatigue.
10. Q: What is the normal serum potassium range?
A: 3.5–5.0 mEq/L.
11. Q: What can cause hyperkalemia?
A: Kidney failure or tissue trauma.
, 12. Q: What hormone regulates sodium and water balance?
A: Aldosterone.
13. Q: What is third spacing?
A: Fluid shifts into areas where it’s not easily exchanged, like ascites.
3. Acid-Base Balance
14. Q: What organ regulates CO₂ levels in acid-base balance?
A: Lungs.
15. Q: What organ regulates bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) levels?
A: Kidneys.
16. Q: What is the normal blood pH range?
A: 7.35–7.45.
17. Q: Define metabolic acidosis.
A: Low pH and low HCO₃⁻ due to excess acid or loss of bicarbonate.
18. Q: What causes respiratory alkalosis?
A: Hyperventilation (e.g., anxiety).
19. Q: A pH of 7.25 and PaCO₂ of 55 mmHg indicates what?
A: Respiratory acidosis.
4. Inflammation & Immunity
20. Q: What is the first line of defense in immunity?
A: Physical and chemical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes).
21. Q: What type of immunity involves B cells?
A: Humoral immunity.
22. Q: What do T cells do?
A: Attack infected or abnormal cells directly.
1. Homeostasis & Cellular Adaptation
1. Q: What is homeostasis?
A: Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
2. Q: What is cellular atrophy?
A: A decrease in cell size due to reduced use, blood supply, or nutrition.
3. Q: Define hypertrophy.
A: Increase in cell size due to increased workload.
4. Q: What is hyperplasia?
A: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
5. Q: What is metaplasia?
A: A reversible change where one cell type replaces another.
6. Q: Give an example of dysplasia.
A: Abnormal changes in cervical cells in response to HPV.
2. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
7. Q: What electrolyte is primarily extracellular?
A: Sodium (Na⁺).
8. Q: What condition is associated with low sodium levels?
A: Hyponatremia.
9. Q: What are signs of hypokalemia?
A: Muscle weakness, arrhythmias, and fatigue.
10. Q: What is the normal serum potassium range?
A: 3.5–5.0 mEq/L.
11. Q: What can cause hyperkalemia?
A: Kidney failure or tissue trauma.
, 12. Q: What hormone regulates sodium and water balance?
A: Aldosterone.
13. Q: What is third spacing?
A: Fluid shifts into areas where it’s not easily exchanged, like ascites.
3. Acid-Base Balance
14. Q: What organ regulates CO₂ levels in acid-base balance?
A: Lungs.
15. Q: What organ regulates bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) levels?
A: Kidneys.
16. Q: What is the normal blood pH range?
A: 7.35–7.45.
17. Q: Define metabolic acidosis.
A: Low pH and low HCO₃⁻ due to excess acid or loss of bicarbonate.
18. Q: What causes respiratory alkalosis?
A: Hyperventilation (e.g., anxiety).
19. Q: A pH of 7.25 and PaCO₂ of 55 mmHg indicates what?
A: Respiratory acidosis.
4. Inflammation & Immunity
20. Q: What is the first line of defense in immunity?
A: Physical and chemical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes).
21. Q: What type of immunity involves B cells?
A: Humoral immunity.
22. Q: What do T cells do?
A: Attack infected or abnormal cells directly.
