NUR376 Exam 2
What is ventilation? *** movement of air in and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? *** blood oxygenating tissues
What is oxygenation? *** The amount of oxygen in the arteries.
What is pneumonia? *** Inflammation along with alveolar air sacs filled with liquid.
What are the 3 different types of pneumonia? *** Community-Acquired Pneumonia:
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired (Gram-negative
organisms)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Pneumonia from a ventilator
Bacterial pneumonia: may develop as a secondary infection following a virus (ex: flu)
What are the risk factors, prevention, and treatment options of pneumonia? *** Risk factors: Bacteria,
viruses, fungi, immunocompromised people
Prevention/Treatment options: Handwashing, pneumococcal vaccine. Antibiotics, oxygenation, Fowler's
position.
Meds: Analgesia, antipyretics, bronchodilators
Identify the basic pathophysiologic concepts of respiratory function. *** Atelectasis: Complete or partial
collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.
Upper respiratory tract: brings air to the lower airways, protects lungs from foreign matter, warms,
filters and humidifies air.
,Lower respiratory tract: responsible for gas exchange.
What is the etiology of Tonsillitis? *** Tonsillitis, inflammation of the tonsils, is usually caused by a viral
infection but can be from a bacterial infection.
Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and tender lymph nodes.
What is the etiology of Epiglottitis:? *** Inflammation of epiglottis (the flap that covers the trachea to
prevent food from entering lungs)
Life-threatening. Airways can become blocked. steeple sign X-ray.
What is the etiology of pharyngitis? *** Inflammation of the throat (sore throat)
Commonly caused by viruses. Streptococcus pyogenes = strep throat. If untreated, it can develop into
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, or glomerulonephritis.
Explain the pathophysiology and consequences of chronic hypercapnia *** - Elevated carbon dioxide.
- Central chemoreceptors in medulla become insensitive to CO2 levels
- Stimulus for breathing shifts to chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies
- Patients experience distinct change in their stimulus to breathe
- Causes hypoxia (low O2 in the blood)
Explain the pathophysiology and consequences of chronic hypoxia. *** - Low O2
- increasing ventilation
- pulmonary arteriole vasoconstriction
- kidneys release erythropoietin (stimulates bone marrow to make more RBC's)
- pulmonary hypertension (high BP in the lungs),
, What is Emphysema? *** - Damages the elasticity of alveoli, causing air trapping and barrel-chest.
- Oxygen therapy may be needed to treat, but O2 levels need to stay low enough to maintain hypoxic
drive.
What is bronchiectasis? *** Rare, occurs when bronchioles are chronically dilated instead of constricted.
What is obstructive sleep apnea? *** Upper airways close repeatedly during sleep.
Caused by anatomical abnormalities, obesity, nasal blockages
What is the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of tuberculosis? *** Etiology:
Transmitted through airborne droplets inhaled and settled in lungs.
Pathophysiology: Once settled in lungs, WBC's are unable to kill it, so they wall off the infection, which
creates a lesion (AKA: tubercle).
Damage to lung tissue creates cheese-like appearance called caseous necrosis
Clinical Manifestations: Night sweats, Chronic cough, hemoptysis, weight loss
What is the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of emphysema? *** Etiology:
Overdistension of alveoli with trapped air. This creates obstruction to expiratory airflow, loss of elastic
recoil of alveoli and high CO2 volume in the lung.
Pathophysiology: Damages elasticity of lung alveoli, causing air to become trapped and barrel-chested
appearance
What is ventilation? *** movement of air in and out of the lungs
What is perfusion? *** blood oxygenating tissues
What is oxygenation? *** The amount of oxygen in the arteries.
What is pneumonia? *** Inflammation along with alveolar air sacs filled with liquid.
What are the 3 different types of pneumonia? *** Community-Acquired Pneumonia:
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired (Gram-negative
organisms)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Pneumonia from a ventilator
Bacterial pneumonia: may develop as a secondary infection following a virus (ex: flu)
What are the risk factors, prevention, and treatment options of pneumonia? *** Risk factors: Bacteria,
viruses, fungi, immunocompromised people
Prevention/Treatment options: Handwashing, pneumococcal vaccine. Antibiotics, oxygenation, Fowler's
position.
Meds: Analgesia, antipyretics, bronchodilators
Identify the basic pathophysiologic concepts of respiratory function. *** Atelectasis: Complete or partial
collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.
Upper respiratory tract: brings air to the lower airways, protects lungs from foreign matter, warms,
filters and humidifies air.
,Lower respiratory tract: responsible for gas exchange.
What is the etiology of Tonsillitis? *** Tonsillitis, inflammation of the tonsils, is usually caused by a viral
infection but can be from a bacterial infection.
Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and tender lymph nodes.
What is the etiology of Epiglottitis:? *** Inflammation of epiglottis (the flap that covers the trachea to
prevent food from entering lungs)
Life-threatening. Airways can become blocked. steeple sign X-ray.
What is the etiology of pharyngitis? *** Inflammation of the throat (sore throat)
Commonly caused by viruses. Streptococcus pyogenes = strep throat. If untreated, it can develop into
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, or glomerulonephritis.
Explain the pathophysiology and consequences of chronic hypercapnia *** - Elevated carbon dioxide.
- Central chemoreceptors in medulla become insensitive to CO2 levels
- Stimulus for breathing shifts to chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies
- Patients experience distinct change in their stimulus to breathe
- Causes hypoxia (low O2 in the blood)
Explain the pathophysiology and consequences of chronic hypoxia. *** - Low O2
- increasing ventilation
- pulmonary arteriole vasoconstriction
- kidneys release erythropoietin (stimulates bone marrow to make more RBC's)
- pulmonary hypertension (high BP in the lungs),
, What is Emphysema? *** - Damages the elasticity of alveoli, causing air trapping and barrel-chest.
- Oxygen therapy may be needed to treat, but O2 levels need to stay low enough to maintain hypoxic
drive.
What is bronchiectasis? *** Rare, occurs when bronchioles are chronically dilated instead of constricted.
What is obstructive sleep apnea? *** Upper airways close repeatedly during sleep.
Caused by anatomical abnormalities, obesity, nasal blockages
What is the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of tuberculosis? *** Etiology:
Transmitted through airborne droplets inhaled and settled in lungs.
Pathophysiology: Once settled in lungs, WBC's are unable to kill it, so they wall off the infection, which
creates a lesion (AKA: tubercle).
Damage to lung tissue creates cheese-like appearance called caseous necrosis
Clinical Manifestations: Night sweats, Chronic cough, hemoptysis, weight loss
What is the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of emphysema? *** Etiology:
Overdistension of alveoli with trapped air. This creates obstruction to expiratory airflow, loss of elastic
recoil of alveoli and high CO2 volume in the lung.
Pathophysiology: Damages elasticity of lung alveoli, causing air to become trapped and barrel-chested
appearance
