Class 11 ISC Chemistry Chapter 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
1. Introduction to Chemistry
Definition: Chemistry is the science of matter, its properties, composition,
structure, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
Branches of Chemistry:
Physical Chemistry: Study of physical properties and behavior of matter.
Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds.
Inorganic Chemistry: Study of non-carbon compounds and elements.
Analytical Chemistry: Analysis of substances to determine their
composition.
Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes in living organisms.
2. Nature of Matter
Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Classification of Matter:
Based on Physical State:
Solid: Fixed shape and volume (e.g., ice).
Liquid: Fixed volume, takes shape of container (e.g., water).
Gas: No fixed shape or volume, expands to fill container (e.g., oxygen).
Based on Chemical Composition:
, Pure Substances:
Elements: Made of one type of atom (e.g., iron, oxygen).
Compounds: Two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio
(e.g., water - H₂O, carbon dioxide - CO₂).
Mixtures:
Homogeneous: Uniform composition (e.g., salt solution).
Heterogeneous: Non-uniform composition (e.g., sand and water mixture).
3. Properties of Matter
Physical Properties: Observed without changing the substance (e.g., color,
density, melting point).
Chemical Properties: Observed during a chemical reaction (e.g., reactivity
with acids, flammability).
4. States of Matter
Three main states: Solid, Liquid, Gas.
Plasma: Ionized gas with charged particles (e.g., in stars).
Bose-Einstein Condensate: Matter at extremely low temperatures,
behaving as a single quantum state.
5. Laws of Chemical Combination
1. Introduction to Chemistry
Definition: Chemistry is the science of matter, its properties, composition,
structure, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
Branches of Chemistry:
Physical Chemistry: Study of physical properties and behavior of matter.
Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds.
Inorganic Chemistry: Study of non-carbon compounds and elements.
Analytical Chemistry: Analysis of substances to determine their
composition.
Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes in living organisms.
2. Nature of Matter
Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Classification of Matter:
Based on Physical State:
Solid: Fixed shape and volume (e.g., ice).
Liquid: Fixed volume, takes shape of container (e.g., water).
Gas: No fixed shape or volume, expands to fill container (e.g., oxygen).
Based on Chemical Composition:
, Pure Substances:
Elements: Made of one type of atom (e.g., iron, oxygen).
Compounds: Two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio
(e.g., water - H₂O, carbon dioxide - CO₂).
Mixtures:
Homogeneous: Uniform composition (e.g., salt solution).
Heterogeneous: Non-uniform composition (e.g., sand and water mixture).
3. Properties of Matter
Physical Properties: Observed without changing the substance (e.g., color,
density, melting point).
Chemical Properties: Observed during a chemical reaction (e.g., reactivity
with acids, flammability).
4. States of Matter
Three main states: Solid, Liquid, Gas.
Plasma: Ionized gas with charged particles (e.g., in stars).
Bose-Einstein Condensate: Matter at extremely low temperatures,
behaving as a single quantum state.
5. Laws of Chemical Combination
