NURS 8022 Exam 1 Patho- QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS) A+ GRADED | ALREADY PASSED!!
Negative Feedback - ANSWER✔✔-Promotes stability; cancels out the original
response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback - ANSWER✔✔-Promotes a change in one direction; instability,
DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins - ANSWER✔✔-Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins - ANSWER✔✔-channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second
messengers
Peripheral proteins - ANSWER✔✔-Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
ATP - ANSWER✔✔-Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between
2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
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,Simple/passive diffusion - ANSWER✔✔-Occurs down a concentration gradient; from
HIGH to LOW concentration
Simple/passive diffusion - ANSWER✔✔-Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion
will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion - ANSWER✔✔-1. Concentration difference
(high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters
TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis - ANSWER✔✔-Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of
low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Primary Active Transport - ANSWER✔✔-Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a
concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport - ANSWER✔✔-Trasport is driven by the energy STORED
in the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase - ANSWER✔✔-Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll
cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
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, -Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
Ca2+ ATPase - ANSWER✔✔-Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
H+ ATPase - ANSWER✔✔-- Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion)
and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump - ANSWER✔✔-sodium is pumped out of the cell;
potassium is pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport - ANSWER✔✔-Co-transport: Substance is
transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
Counter transport - ANSWER✔✔-Substance is transported in the opposite direction as
the driver ion Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? - ANSWER✔✔-Increase
intracellular Ca2+
ungated Ion Channels - ANSWER✔✔-determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
Gated Ion Channels - ANSWER✔✔--volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
Ion Channels - ANSWER✔✔-Conductance depends on probability that channel is open.
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VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT
ANSWERS) A+ GRADED | ALREADY PASSED!!
Negative Feedback - ANSWER✔✔-Promotes stability; cancels out the original
response. Ex: High FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback - ANSWER✔✔-Promotes a change in one direction; instability,
DISEASE. Ex: Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins - ANSWER✔✔-Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins - ANSWER✔✔-channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second
messengers
Peripheral proteins - ANSWER✔✔-Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
ATP - ANSWER✔✔-Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between
2nd and 3rd phosphate groups have abundant energy
OLIVIA GREENWAYS© 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESRVED 1
,Simple/passive diffusion - ANSWER✔✔-Occurs down a concentration gradient; from
HIGH to LOW concentration
Simple/passive diffusion - ANSWER✔✔-Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion
will not occur if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion - ANSWER✔✔-1. Concentration difference
(high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters
TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis - ANSWER✔✔-Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of
low solute concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Primary Active Transport - ANSWER✔✔-Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a
concentration; DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport - ANSWER✔✔-Trasport is driven by the energy STORED
in the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase - ANSWER✔✔-Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll
cells; enzyme that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
-Important role in regulating osmotic balance
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, -Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
Ca2+ ATPase - ANSWER✔✔-Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
H+ ATPase - ANSWER✔✔-- Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion)
and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump - ANSWER✔✔-sodium is pumped out of the cell;
potassium is pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport - ANSWER✔✔-Co-transport: Substance is
transported in the same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
Counter transport - ANSWER✔✔-Substance is transported in the opposite direction as
the driver ion Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? - ANSWER✔✔-Increase
intracellular Ca2+
ungated Ion Channels - ANSWER✔✔-determined by size, shape, distribution of charge
Gated Ion Channels - ANSWER✔✔--volgate (e.g.) Voltage dependent Na+ channels)
-Chemically (e.g. Nicotinic AcH receptor channels)
Ion Channels - ANSWER✔✔-Conductance depends on probability that channel is open.
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