NR 325 Exam 1– Questions With Precise Solutions
Endocrine System Function Correct Answer - Produce
hormones and secrete them directly into the bloodstream
Insulin Correct Answer - Regulator of metabolism and storage
of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage
hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones Correct Answer - Oppose the
effects of insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a
regulated release of glucose for energy, and help maintain normal
blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
Glucagon Correct Answer - Normally produced by pancreatic
alpha cells when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels. In
diabetes II, glucagon is still produced, but because there is so much
insulin, our pancreas doesn't respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus Correct Answer - A chronic, multi-system
disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin
utilization, or both. There is no cure, but diabetic complications can
be delayed or prevented with good management. African Americans,
Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native Americans have a higher
incidence of diabetes.
Diabetes Complications Correct Answer - Diabetes is the
leading cause of adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-
traumatic lower limb amputations. It is also a major contributing
factor to heart disease and stroke.
,Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes Correct Answer -
Diabetes prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell
function, decreased insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb
metabolism. Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more common
in older adults, partly due to the normal physiologic changes of
aging resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology Correct Answer - Formerly
known as "juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-
10% of all people with diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin
production are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure to
a virus are factors that may contribute to the development of DM I.
Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells. Manifestations
occur after the pancreas is unable to produced insulin, and
symptoms are rapid. Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms Correct Answer - Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Prediabetes Correct Answer - Known as impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
Prediabetes Labs Correct Answer - IFG: fasting glucose levels
100-126 mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
, A1C Lab Correct Answer - It is a test that determines how well
your glucose was stabilized within the last three months.
If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels
in the last 3 months
Diabetes Type II Etiology Correct Answer - Probably has a
genetic basis.
A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease
progresses, less insulin production. There is also an increased risk
for obesity.
Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an
increased waist circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of
childhood obesity.
Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics.
Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't use the
insulin.
Diabetes Type II Risk Factors Correct Answer - Obesity
Aging
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of Type II DM
Urbanization
Certain ethnicities (AA, NA, Latino)
Diabetes Type II Clinical Manifestations Correct Answer -
Nonspecific symptoms, may have classic symptoms of type I
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
Recurrent vaginal yeast or monilia infections
Prolonged wound healing
Visual changes
The onset of symptoms is gradual.
Endocrine System Function Correct Answer - Produce
hormones and secrete them directly into the bloodstream
Insulin Correct Answer - Regulator of metabolism and storage
of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage
hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones Correct Answer - Oppose the
effects of insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a
regulated release of glucose for energy, and help maintain normal
blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
Glucagon Correct Answer - Normally produced by pancreatic
alpha cells when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels. In
diabetes II, glucagon is still produced, but because there is so much
insulin, our pancreas doesn't respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus Correct Answer - A chronic, multi-system
disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin
utilization, or both. There is no cure, but diabetic complications can
be delayed or prevented with good management. African Americans,
Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native Americans have a higher
incidence of diabetes.
Diabetes Complications Correct Answer - Diabetes is the
leading cause of adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-
traumatic lower limb amputations. It is also a major contributing
factor to heart disease and stroke.
,Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes Correct Answer -
Diabetes prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell
function, decreased insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb
metabolism. Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more common
in older adults, partly due to the normal physiologic changes of
aging resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology Correct Answer - Formerly
known as "juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-
10% of all people with diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin
production are destroyed. A genetic predisposition and exposure to
a virus are factors that may contribute to the development of DM I.
Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells. Manifestations
occur after the pancreas is unable to produced insulin, and
symptoms are rapid. Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms Correct Answer - Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Prediabetes Correct Answer - Known as impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
Prediabetes Labs Correct Answer - IFG: fasting glucose levels
100-126 mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
, A1C Lab Correct Answer - It is a test that determines how well
your glucose was stabilized within the last three months.
If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels
in the last 3 months
Diabetes Type II Etiology Correct Answer - Probably has a
genetic basis.
A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease
progresses, less insulin production. There is also an increased risk
for obesity.
Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an
increased waist circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of
childhood obesity.
Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics.
Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't use the
insulin.
Diabetes Type II Risk Factors Correct Answer - Obesity
Aging
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of Type II DM
Urbanization
Certain ethnicities (AA, NA, Latino)
Diabetes Type II Clinical Manifestations Correct Answer -
Nonspecific symptoms, may have classic symptoms of type I
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
Recurrent vaginal yeast or monilia infections
Prolonged wound healing
Visual changes
The onset of symptoms is gradual.
