Instructor s manual for american government political development and institutional change 12th Edition by Cal Jillson

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SOLUTION MANUAL
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American Government: Political
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Development and Institutional Change
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12thEditionbyCalJillson,AllChapters1-16
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
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2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
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3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
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4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
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5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
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6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
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7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
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8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
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9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
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10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
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11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
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12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
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13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
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14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
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15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
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16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
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Chapter 1 m




THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
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FOCUS QUESTIONS
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Q1 What are the broad purposes of government?
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A1 The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster human
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mexcellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks and Romans
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mbelieved the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
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mequality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule oflaw to
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mprovide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was largely used
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mto facilitate religion and maintained the need for the individual to live a proper life
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min the service of God. The role of government changed in the early sixteenth
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mcentury by downplaying the role of religion while alternatively promoting the role
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mof limited government to protect private property and individual rights.
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Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
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A2 According to Plato the philosopher-king’s wisdom and intellect would promote
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morder, stability and justice. Yet, Aristotle takes a more realistic view of Athenian
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msociety by advocating the best form of government as a polity, which combined
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moligarchic and democratic elements to produce political stability. The Romans
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mcombined monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic principles as a mixed
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mgovernment within representative bodies like the Senate and the Assembly in order m m m m m m m m m m m




mto champion the causes of both the rich and the poor. Government in theMiddle Ages
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was determined through divine right, whereby a monarch or Pope was ordained by
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God to rule. Hence, wisdom and virtue rested within these few individuals who
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governed to promote religious life and protect the religious establishment. The
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Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Enlightenment Periods shifted the role of
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government from upholding religious doctrine to secular concerns, such as protecting
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inalienable rights, including private property, and promoting commerce. In turn,
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Enlightenment political
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© 2023 Taylor & Francis
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philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religious hierarchy as ameans
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mto provide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
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Q3 What lessons about government did colonial Americans draw from the history ofancient
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Greece and Rome?
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A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good government
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mwould decay into mob rule. Hence, the passions of the masses needed to be quelled
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mby more aristocratic elements. With this problem in mind, the Framers ofthe U.S.
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mConstitution referenced the institutional design of the Roman republic adhered to the
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tradition of mixed government initially expounded by Aristotle and the Romans. This
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was maintained in the indirect selection of both the Senateand the presidency within
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the Constitution. Aristotle also advocated mixing aristocratic and democratic
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m elements in a governing structure called a polity. In effect, this governmental design
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mallowed the few and the many to participate in the politics providing an orderly
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msociety where the poor should be able to select government officials who were held
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maccountable. This was also made manifest inthe Constitution with its aristocratic-like m m m m m m m m m m




mSenate and the more democratic House of Representatives. Thus the American
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mrepublic’s Constitution established institutional powers to govern according to the
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mrule of law. While the Framers rejected the religious hierarchy of the Middle Ages,
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mthey appealed to inalienable rights endowed upon every individual by God, per the
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mwritings of John Locke, in which a just government and society could not be impeded.
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Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave their homelands to settle in America?
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A4 Individuals immigrated to the colonies to escape religious persecution and civil unrest
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mafter the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic opportunities.
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mColonists enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large geographical area
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m where freedom of religion and economic opportunity flourished. Also, their
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mheterogeneous social composition as well as continual promotion of ideals, such as m m m m m m m m m m m




m equality and tolerance, tended to promote political freedom at the same time that
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m social expansion of the population was occurring.
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Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, and did they approve it?
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A5 The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this type of governing
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mauthority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who should
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mrule and those who should not. In fact, the Founders believed that the elite (well-
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meducated, land owners) should occupy positions of leadership. Thus, an aristocratic
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melement within government was necessary to protect against thethreat of mob rule
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mhistorically associated with democracy. Fundamentally, the idea of republicanism
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mwas promoted as an ideal at a higher level than democracy. This was made most
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mmanifest in the tendency to prefer mixed m m m m m m




© 2023 Taylor & Francis
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